since the verbs of and have similar use and play an important role in arabic grammar, it was useful to study both and discuss about their functions. following the discussion we found that there is five different functions for :first, it is an imperfect verb, (that give the noun an nominative case and the comment an objective case) arabic grammar experts disagree if it has a verb function or a n...

Most of the linear time parsing strategies (e.g., LL(k) and U(k) type parsers) for context-free grammars operate by looking ahead on the input tape for a fixed number of symbols. The fixed length look-ahead strings partition the set of input strings into classes of strings which are equivalent with respect to parsing decisions. A moment’s thought shows that these look-ahead classes are regular ...

This paper describes an extension of the semantic grammars used in conventional statistical spoken language interfaces to allow the probabilities of derived analyses to be conditioned on the meanings or denotations of input utterances in the context of an interface's underlying application environment or world model. Since these denotations will be used to guide disambiguation in interactive ap...

This article presents results from a recent study that isolated grammar instruction that is deductive (i.e., involving rule presentation and metalinguistic information) as a variable and contrasted it with an instructional treatment that is inductive (i.e., focusing on form with no explicit grammar instruction). The effectiveness of these two types of instruction was compared on measures of bot...

The goal of this study was to test a foreign language teaching method inspired by Newport (1990)’s Less is More hypothesis. Computerized French language lessons were presented to 112 adults over two one-hour sessions. Learning trials were presented either in full sentences to resemble the adult learning environment, or in small phrases that incrementally increased in length to full sentences, r...

Context-free S grammars are introduced, for arbitrary (storage) type S, as a uniform framework for recursion-based grammars, automata, and transducers, viewed as programs. To each occurrence of a nonterminal of a context-free S grammar an object of type S is associated, that can be acted upon by tests and operations, as indicated in the rules of the grammar. Taking particular storage types give...

Muslims believe that the The Holy Quran is the message of God Almighty which has been transmitted to His messenger, Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), through revelation in the Arabic language. This Holy book has been translated into many languages, including English. Although the content of the The Holy Quran has been translated into the English language, few studies have been conducted to explore the b...

The present study was conducted to investigate the comparative impacts of three types of EFL teach- ers' mindsettings on EFL learners' grammar achievement. The participants of the study were English Translation undergraduate students (both female and male with the age ranging of 18-35) who were selected according to convenience non-random sampling from three classes of English Grammar 1 at both...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between students‘ explicit knowledge in grammar and their translation ability. The importance of grammatical knowledge and its effectiveness in translation quality motivated the researcher to run this study and consider grammatical knowledge in Per- sian as the source language of Iranian students. It is clear that grammar is an area ...

% Project: SFB 340/B4 (Hinrichs/Gerdemann) % Universit"at T"ubingen % Kleine Wilhelmstr. 113 % 72074 Tuebingen % Germany % System: ALE 1.0 (release 1 May 1993) under Sicstus 2.1 #9 % % % This file contains an ALE grammar covering the phenomena of aux-flip and % partial verb-phrase topicalization in the three sentence types of German: % verb first (V1), verb second (V2), and verb last (VL). Exce...