Understanding the ionospheric variability caused by solar and geomagnetic space weather can be achieved using Total Electron Content (TEC) parameter. Developing a novel artificial intelligence-based machine learning model that forecast TEC parameter would primarily benefit Global Positioning System (GPS) users. This paper holds one such hybrid empirical exploits nonlinear autoregressive neural ...

The distribution of electrons in the ionosphere is of interest to scientists and also to engineers working on applications such as earth–space communication systems, which must transmit through the ionosphere, and skywave systems, which make use of ionospheric refraction. Electron content is commonly examined using total electron content (TEC) mapping. This mapping finds use in other applicatio...

Space weather applications require real-time data and wide area observations from both groundand spacebased instrumentation. From space, the global navigation satellite system – GPS – is an important tool. From the ground the incoherent scatter (IS) radar technique permits a direct measurement up to the topside region, while ionosondes give good measurements of the lower part of the ionosphere....

Abstract The ionosphere suffers major perturbations during severe space weather events such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), solar flares, high-speed streams, and Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs). can experience depletions or enhancements in Total Electron Content (TEC) conditions. South African National Space Agency (SANSA) near-real-time (NRT) TEC maps were used to show the ionospheric ...

Usually, ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) variation with time can be viewed as a stationary random process under quiet conditions. However, sudden events of the Sun and the Earth such as solar flare and sudden commencement of geomagnetic storms may induce the disturbances of the ionosphere, so that the stationary random process is broken; the statistical model parameters change much. Ba...

As the study of ionospheric behavior during various solar activities is an important task, studies changes eclipse events have been widely performed in different regions globe. This paper investigates responses to on 22 July 2009 over Nepal using total electron content (TEC) measured by dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. The time-averaged Vertical TEC (vTEC) ten GPS stati...

A tomographic method has been developed for reconstructing the topside ionospheric and plasmaspheric electron density distribution using total content (TEC) measurements from global positioning system (GPS) receivers aboard constellation observing meteorology, ionosphere, climate/Formosa Satellite Mission 3 (COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3). Since COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 an orbit altitude of a...