BACKGROUND The nature of community-based participatory research (CBPR) poses distinctive ethical challenges. In the absence of organized guidelines, a remarkable amount of researchers' time and energy will be spent tackling these ethical challenges. The study aimed to explore ethical issues and principles potentially arising when conducting CBPR. METHODS This qualitative study conducted in CB...

The good news is that the incidence of HIV in the Kingdom of Swaziland has stabilised over the past 5 years. The bad news is that it is still 31% among adults aged 18–49 years and, alarmingly, 43% among pregnant women. All told, an estimated 201 292 Swazis were HIV-positive in 2012, despite intensive eff orts to mitigate the epidemic. The government provides antiretroviral treatment (ART) and, ...

This paper proposes a theoretical explanation for the impact of ‘social expectation’ on the growth of civil society in Japan. Why has civil society developed as it has in Japan? Contrary to the image of Japan as a ‘strong and controlling’ nation-state, we find that private citizens—the nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders, scholars on community planning, and younger liberal politicians—se...

PROBLEM Until 2005, the quality of rapid diagnostic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing was not monitored and no regular technical support was provided to hospital laboratories in Myanmar. APPROACH The national reference laboratory introduced a national external quality assessment scheme. The scheme involved (i) training laboratory technicians in HIV testing and in the requirements of ...

Our paper applies new institutional economics theory to a unique data set of the world‘s low-income economies to examine the association between host governments‘ social policies and their ability to attract foreign direct investment. We add to this another new data set to explore the direct and indirect role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the business-society-government interface. ...

In Indonesia, an ongoing government "war on drugs" has resulted in numerous arrests and anecdotal reports of abuse in detention, but to date there has been little documentation or analysis of this issue. JANGKAR (also known in English as the Indonesian Harm Reduction Network), a nongovernmental organization (NGO) based in Jakarta, surveyed 1106 injecting drug users in 13 cities about their expe...

The challenges facing efforts in Africa to increase access to antiretroviral HIV treatment underscore the urgent need to strengthen national health systems across the continent. However, donor aid to developing countries continues to be disproportionately channeled to international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) rather than to ministries of health. The rapid proliferation of NGOs has prov...

spermatids are the earliest male germ cells with one set of haploid chromosomes. after experiments, mainly in rodents, the spermatid injection was introduced in human assisted reproduction to the treatment of men with non-obstructive azoospermia. spermatid injection is a technique with particular difficulties that may negatively influence the outcome. the identification, isolation and the asses...