In the MyD88 family of cytosolic adaptor proteins, the newest member is the group's black sheep, according to Kim et al. (page 2063). Whereas most MyD88 proteins turn on anti-pathogen responses within myeloid cells, the rebel, MyD88-5, instigates cell death within neurons. MyD88-1–4 all respond to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation in leuko-cytes and stimulate innate immune responses. MyD88-5,...

Intracellular trafficking and proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) have been the focus of numerous investigations over the past two decades. APP is the precursor to the amyloid -protein (A ), the 38–43-amino acid residue peptide that is at the heart of the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Tremendous progress has been made since the initial identificatio...

Ngô Bao Châu recently won a Fields Medal for his work on the Fundamental Lemma, conjectured by Langlands many years ago. But the relationship between the result proved by him and Langlands’ original conjecture might not be so clear to someone who has not followed the development closely. The original idea involvedwhat Langlands calls endoscopy—to explain harmonic analysis on reductive groups ov...

The Stober process is frequently used to prepare silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. This is usually achieved by seeding a reaction mixture consisting of water, ethanol and a catalyst with iron oxide particles and adding a silica precursor. The hydrolysis and condensation of precursor monomers results in the deposition of a silica layer on iron oxide particles. However, this process is acco...

In this study, different samples of Niobium and Vanadium co-doped titania  thin films (5-10-15 mol% Nb and 5-10-15 mol% V) were prepared via sol−gel dip coating method, using niobium chloride as niobium precursor, ammonium metavanadate as vanadium precursor, and titanium (IV) butoxide (TBT) as titanium precursor. The effects of doping amount on the structural, optical, and photo-catalytic prope...

Background: Precursor B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (precursor B-ALL) oc-curs due to the uncontrolled proliferation of B-lymphoid precursors arrested at a par-ticular stage of B-cell development. Precursor-B-ALL is classified mainly into pro-B-ALL, common-ALL and pre-B-ALL. The Common Acute Lymphoblastic Antigen CD10 is the marker for common-ALL. Objective: This study was aimed to examine the ...

Introduction Formation of skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle fibers (myofibers) are long syncytial cells with thousands of nuclei. Careful histological observation in the late 1800s clearly demonstrated a great capacity for new muscle formation in many species and it is now widely accepted that during development and in regenerating muscle new myonuclei result from proliferation of mononucleated m...

There is an up to four-fold increase in the concentration of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates at the start of exercise. The rate of TCA cycle flux and, hence, oxidative metabolism may be limited by the concentration of the intermediates in the cycle. The dramatic decline in intramuscular glutamate at the start of exercise, in tandem with increased intramuscular alanine, suggests...

Electrochemical synthesis followed by heat-treatment is a facile and easy method for preparation of nanostructured metal oxides. Herein we report nanostructured Mn5O8 prepared through pulse cathodic deposition followed by heat-treatment for the first time. For the preparation of Mn5O8 nanorods, pulse cathodic electrodeposition was first done from 0.005M Mn(NO3)2 at the current density of 5 mA c...