The computer industry has defined the IEEE 802.16 family of standards that will enable mobile devices to access a broadband network as an alternative to digital subscriber line technology. As the mobile devices join and leave a network, security measures must be taken to ensure the safety of the network against unauthorized usage by encryption and group key management. IEEE 802.16e uses Multica...

(PCS) facilitates the exchange of information (voice, data, video, image, etc.) for mobile users independent of time, location, and access arrangement. To support PCS, mobile communications protocols such as E I W I A Interim Standard 41 (IS-41) 112-161 or Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) [20] have been defined for PCS Network (PCN) inter-system operations. To support interconnecti...

the proliferation of information and communications technology (ict) along with the incremental growth in the use of cloud services, enterprise network and data center technologies in recent years, have caused unprecedented expansion of computer networks. however, the existing network architecture was not well designed to meet the requirements of today's needs. one of the most important pr...

The deployment of a miniature mobile-phone base station or small cell in a train car significantly improves the coverage and the capacity of a mobile network service on the train. However, the impact of the small cell on the passengers' exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is unknown. In this study, we assessed experimentally the RF-EMF exposure of a mobile-phone user who...

In a continually evolving Internet, tools such as Quality of Service routing must be used in order to accommodate user demands. QoS routing raises scalability issues within very large networks, which can be avoided by using hierarchical routing strategies. However, such strategies can lead to inaccurate path selection due to the aggregation process. To avoid such problems we propose a hierarchi...

3G Third Generation 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project A.R.N.I. Azienda Regionale per la Navigazione Interna ACK Acknowledge ADC Analog to Digital Converter ADNR European Committee for Standardization AFC Automatic Frequency Control AGC Automatic Gain Control API Application Programming Interface ASMS-TF Advanced Satellite Mobile Systems Task Force B/M Broad/Multi BER Bit Error Rate BLER...

Current global telecommunication landscape is undergoing a paradigm change in terms of technologies and usage. Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications has emerged as the preferred technology followed by the fast growing Code Division Multiple Access (COMA) technology. Developed countries (without the transition countries) lead the world in number of landline and cellular connections, foll...

Electronic voting systems have the potential to improve traditional voting procedures by providing added convenience and flexibility to the voter. Numerous electronic voting schemes have been proposed in the past, but most of them have failed to provide voter authentication in an efficient and transparent way. On the other hand, GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most widely u...