cAMP-raising agents with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as the first in class, exhibit multiple actions that are beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients, including improvement of glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS). To gain additional insight into the role of cAMP in the disturbed stimulus-secretion coupling within the diabetic β-cell, we examined more thoroughly th...

Liver glucokinase (GK) is localized predominantly in the perivenous zone. GK mRNA was induced by insulin maximally under venous O2 partial pressure (pO2) and only half-maximally under arterial pO2. CoCl2 and desferrioxamine mimicked venous pO2 and enhanced the insulin-dependent induction of GK mRNA under arterial pO2. H2O2 mimicked arterial pO2 and reduced insulin-induced GK mRNA under venous p...

Mutations in the glucokinase (GK) gene cause two different diseases of blood glucose regulation: maturity onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY-2) and persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI). To gain further understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders, we have used both transgenic and gene-targeting strategies to explore the relationship between GK gene expres...

This paper is a continuation of the ongoing study of cobordism of Grassmann manifolds. Let F denote one of the division rings R of reals, C of complex numbers, or H of quaternions. Let t = dimRF . Then the Grassmannian manifold Gk(F) is defined to be the set of all k-dimensional (left) subspaces of Fn+k. Gk(F) is a closed manifold of real dimension nkt. Using the orthogonal complement of a subs...

Human GK(beta) (pancreatic beta-cell glucokinase) is the main glucose-phosphorylating enzyme in pancreatic beta-cells. It shares several structural, catalytic and regulatory properties with Hxk2 (hexokinase 2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In fact, it has been previously described that expression of GK(beta) in yeast could replace Hxk2 in the glucose signalling pathway of S. cerevisiae. In the...

mammalian ∆-(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (p5cs) enzyme catalyzes the coupled phosphorylation and reduction-conversion of glutamate to ∆-(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (p5c), a critical step in the proline, ornithine, citrulline and arginine biosynthesis. in plants and mammals, p5cs consists of two separate enzymatic domains: n-terminal γ-glutamyl kinase (γ-gk) and c-terminal γ-glutamyl pho...

The incretin hormones gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) augment postprandial glucose-mediated insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a widely used, lean rodent model of Type 2 diabetes; however, little is known regarding the incretin secretion profile to different nutrients in these rats. We have recently shown that lymph...

A 3.5 kb fragment of Bacillus subtilis DNA which contains wild type alleles of mutations in glpK (glycerol kinase) and glpD (glycerol-3-phosphate [G3P] dehydrogenase) was cloned in plasmid pHV32 in Escherichia coli. The cloned fragment expresses glycerol kinase in B. subtilis mutants carrying the mutations glpK11 and recE4 after induction with glycerol or G3P whereas it does not express G3P deh...

Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is an important equine pathogen that causes respiratory tract disease among horses worldwide. Glycoprotein K (gK) homologues have been identified in several alphaherpesviruses as a major player in virus entry, replication, and spread. In the present study, EHV-4 gK-deletion mutant has been generated by using bacterial artificial chromosome technology and Red mutagen...

Valuations on a field K are encoded in the absolute Galois group GK of K: They are in one-to-one correspondence to the conjugacy classes of decomposition subgroups of GK which (apart from few exceptions) can be characterized in group theoretic terms. Roughly speaking decomposition subgroups of GK are maximal subgroups of GK with a Sylow-subgroup containing a non-trivial abelian normal subgroup....