INTRODUCTION Giant cell tumor of the bone is a relatively uncommon tumor. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. The tumor is usually regarded as benign. In most patients, giant cell tumors have an indolent course, but tumors recur locally in as many as 50% of cases. Metastasis to the lungs may occur. Cooper first reported giant cell tumors in the 18th century. In 19...

Glioblastomas (GBM), the most common primary brain tumors, infiltrate the brain, grow rapidly, and are refractory to current therapies. Signature genetic lesions in glioblastomas include mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR) receptor tyrosine kinase and activating mutations in components of the PI-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway. Despite years of study, how these pathw...

Introduction: Multinucleated giant cells are often encountered in oral lesions. An understanding of the histogenesis of these giant cells can give us an insight on the pathologic process in progress. Traditional classifications have placed little importance on the type or histogenesis of multinucleated giant cells in grouping these lesions. Objectives: (a) To classify giant cell lesions based o...

  Background and Objectives: Giant cell Tumor of bone (GCT) is often regarded as a benign tumor, but its clinical course is unpredictable, has a high rate of recurrence, and even can metastases and transform to a malignant tumor. Histological features of the tumor often could not predict its future biologic behavior, so it is just called ''Giant cell tumor'' without indicating maligna...

Abstract Glioblastoma responses to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) are rare, and the molecular mechanisms underlying ICI incompletely understood. Thus, serial glioblastoma samples valuable resources for identifying biomarkers or therapeutic targets increase efficacy of in patients with glioblastoma. We obtained paired from 7 who underwent sequential surgery, ICI, eventual salvage surgery rec...