there are two different co-expression systems including bicistronic; dual-vector or two-promoter to express two different genes simultaneously and also to study protein-protein interactions. bicistronic system has disadvantages e.g. compared with two-promoter system. in this paper, a simple method based on spliced overlap extension by polymerase chain reaction (soe-pcr) technique was demonstrat...

the energy minima of systems made of an alanine molecule, a lithium cation and a various number of watermolecules have been determined with the help of quantum mechanical computations at the b3lyp densityfunctional theory level of computation and the standard 6-311++g (d,p) basis set. several structures, close inenergy are found and the presence of one or two water molecules around the cation m...

the entomopathogenic-fungus-life cycle is associated with the synthesis and secretion of a number of toxic metabolites, including extracellular enzymes and the low-molecular weight compound (toxin). the potential for a successful pathogen relies on the ability to overcome the various host-defence systems. interaction between the fungus, tolypocla-dium (deuteromycetes), its secondary metabolite,...

fe49co33ni18 nanowire arrays (175 nm in diameter and lengths ranging from 5 to 32μm) were fabricated into nanopores of hard-anodized aluminum oxide templates using pulsed ac electrodeposition technique. hysteresis loop measurements indicated that increasing the length decreases coercivity and squareness values (from 274 oe and 0.58 to200 oe and 0.105, respectively), indicating the increase in m...

Investigations of microbial ecology and diversity have been greatly enhanced by the application of culture-independent techniques. One such approach, metagenomics, involves sample collections from soil, water, and other environments. Extracted nucleic acids from bulk environmental samples are sequenced and analyzed, which allows microbial interactions to be inferred on the basis of bioinformati...

The outcomes of host-parasite interactions depend on the coevolutionary forces acting upon them, but because every host-parasite relation is enmeshed in a web of biotic and abiotic interactions across a heterogeneous landscape, host-parasite coevolution has proven difficult to study. Simple laboratory phage-bacteria microcosms can ameliorate this difficulty by allowing controlled, well-replicat...

[This corrects the article on p. 162 in vol. 5, PMID: 25071580.].

Even though the degradation of ginsenosides has been thoroughly studied in animals and in vitro using acids, enzymes, and intestinal bacteria, knowledge concerning the systemic availability of ginsenosides and their degradation products in humans is generally lacking. Therefore, the attention in this article is focused on the identification of ginsenosides and their hydrolysis products reaching...

BACKGROUND Implementing good-quality health and social care requires empowerment of staff members within organizations delivering care. Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) is an intervention using positive video feedback to empower staff through reflection on practice. This qualitative study explored the implementation of VIG within an autism care organization in England, from the perspective of s...