Understanding the patterns of genetic variation and constraint for continuous reaction norms, growth trajectories, and other function-valued traits is challenging. We describe and illustrate a recent analytical method, simple basis analysis (SBA), that uses the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix to identify "simple" directions of genetic variation and genetic constraints that have straightf...

aim : this study aimed to determinant association between rs76189946 polymorphism of egf gene and risk of colorectal cancer in an iranian population. background : colorectal cancer (crc) is the third most prevalent cancer in both genders worldwide. the determination of genetic variation becomes a new way to etiology of colorectal cancer. epidermal growth factor (egf) is a mitogen that plays an ...

Current theories regarding code growth (bloat) in genetic programming focus on the presence and growth of introns. In this paper we show for the first time that code growth can occur, albeit quite slowly, even in code that has a significant impact on fitness.

We study a class of growth algorithms for directed graphs that are candidate models for the evolution of genetic regulatory networks. The algorithms involve partial duplication of nodes and their links, together with the innovation of new links, allowing for the possibility that input and output links from a newly created node may have different probabilities of survival. We find some counterin...

Genetic growth curves of boars in a test station were predicted on daily weight records collected by automated weighing scales. The data contained 121 865 observations from 1477 Norwegian Landrace boars and 108 589 observations from 1300 Norwegian Duroc boars. Random regression models using Legendre polynomials up to second order for weight at different ages were compared for best predicting ab...

It has been known since the early days of Genetic Programming that the evolutionary process tends to stagnate after a certain number of generations. Furthermore, during the evolutionary process, there is an inexorable and sometimes exponential increase in the average size of programs in a population. This has been called bloat. The major cause of this bloat appears to be caused by introns secti...

The purpose of this paper is to introduce one kind of latent-variable structural-equation model for multivariate longitudinal data which includes behavioral genetic components. A generic structural-equation model termed RAM (McArdle, J. J. and McDonald, R. P. (1984). Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol . , 37:239~251.) is used to define the univariate twin design, including both covariances and means. T...