BACKGROUND Depression affects more women than men and often aggregates in families. Using a community-based sample of twins, we examined the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the risk of developing major depressive disorder and the effect of sex and different definitions of depression on the relative contributions of genetic and environmental effects. Sex differences in gene...

BACKGROUND Patterns of comorbidity suggest that the common psychiatric and substance use syndromes may be divisible into 2 broad groups of internalizing and externalizing disorders. We do not know how genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to this pattern of comorbidity or whether the etiologic structure of these groups differ in men and women. METHODS Lifetime diagnoses for 10 psy...

BACKGROUND The anxiety disorders exhibit high levels of lifetime comorbidity with one another. Understanding the underlying causes of this comorbidity can provide insight into the etiology of the disorders and inform classification and treatment. OBJECTIVE To explain anxiety disorder comorbidity by examining the structure of the underlying genetic and environmental risk factors. DESIGN Life...

background: polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is a heterogeneous complex genetic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenemia hyperinsulinemia insulin resistance and chronic anovulation. it is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age with an enigmatic pathophysiologic and molecular basis. obesity hyperandrogenism and infertility occur frequently in pcos which mostly have a ...

Dermatoglyphic is the study of the epidermal ridges and the pattern formed by them. It may be pointed out that genetic factors have a large share in determining the variations in dermatoglyphics. It is however, suggested by evidence that bipolar mood disorder factors are determined more by genetic factors than by the environmental factors. The experiment has been undertaken to look for the effe...

Heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with complex interactive operations of genetic and environmental factors, is expressed in a variety of disorder manifestations: severity, co-morbidities of symptoms, and the effects of genes on phenotypes. Neurodevelopmental influences of genomic imprinting have set the stage for the structural-physiological variations that modul...

Apert Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that presents with craniosynostosis, syndactyly and midface retrusion dysostosis as well many other anomalies. an autosomal dominant syndrome equally in males females has occurrence rate of 1 every 65,000.

fryns-aftimos syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by craniofacial signs, anterior neuronal migration disorder (pachygyria, lissencephaly), skeletal deformities and mental retardation. we describe a five-year-old boy with abnormal facial features (hypertelorism, ptosis, high arched palate), skeletal problems (short stature, short fingers, flat feet) and mild intellectual...