As plants are sessile, they have evolved hundreds of resistance (R) genes to defend themselves against multiple pathogens. Most of plant R genes encode proteins with the nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) domains that interact with pathogen effectors to induce defense responses. Recent findings describing R proteins structures, host interactors and transcriptional and posttrans...

While the presence/absence polymorphism is commonly observed in disease resistance (R-) genes in Arabidopsis, only a few R-genes under the presence/absence polymorphism (R-P/A) have been investigated. To understand the mechanism of the molecular evolution of R-P/A, we investigated genetic variation of nine R-P/A in A. thaliana from worldwide populations. The number of possessed R-genes varied w...

Abstract R-loops are abundant and dynamic structures ubiquitously present in human cells both the nuclear mitochondrial genomes. They form cis wake of transcription complexes trans apart from complexes. In this review, we focus on relationship between topoisomerases, cancer genomics therapies. We summarize topological parameters associated with formation resolution R-loops, which absorb release...

b ackg r oun d : pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important oppor- tunistic pathogens responsible for various types of infections. children suffer significant morbidity and mortality due to nosocomial infections. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of class1 integron, blabel, blaper, blakpc, blavim, blaimp and blaoxagroup-1  genes among p. aeruginosa isolates at child...

background: introduction: enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is the most important bacterial cause of watery  travelers' diarrhea  in  developing countries. watery diarrhea is can cause serious life-threatening dehydration. etec was caused diarrhea by the secretion of two heat-labile enterotoxins (lts) and the heat-stable enterotoxins (sts) which increase intestinal secretion. routine labo...

NB-LRR-type disease resistance (R) genes have been used in traditional breeding programs for crop protection. However, functional transfer of NB-LRR-type R genes to plants in taxonomically distinct families to establish pathogen resistance has not been successful. Here we demonstrate that a pair of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) NB-LRR-type R genes, RPS4 and RRS1, properly function in two other Bra...

selective signatures in whole genome can help us to understand the mechanisms of selection and to identify the genomic regions that have been under natural or artificial selection during long years. the objective of this study was to identify the genomic regions that have been under artificial and natural selection in baluchi and zel sheep breeds. 143 sheep from baluchi (n=96) and zel breeds (n...

Transfer of an IncP plasmid carrying the Rhizobium meliloti nodFE, nodG, and nodH genes to Rhizobium trifolii enabled R. trifolii to nodulate alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the normal host of R. meliloti. Using transposon Tn5-linked mutations and in vitro-constructed deletions of the R. meliloti nodFE, nodG, and nodH genes, we showed that R. meliloti nodH was required for R. trifolii to elicit both...