Abstract Carayannis and Campbell (2009; 2010) have argued for using quadruple quintuple helices as models encompassing generalizing triple-helix dynamics. In the meantime, been adopted by European Committee Regions Commission metaphors further strategy development such in EU-programs Smart Specialization, Plan S, Open Innovation 2.0, etc. Here we argue that transition from a double helix to tri...

The mechanism by which the phytochrome (phy) photoreceptor family transduces informational light signals to photoresponsive genes is unknown. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified a phytochrome-interacting factor, PIF3, a basic helix-loop-helix protein containing a PAS domain. PIF3 binds to wild-type C-terminal domains of both phyA and phyB, but less strongly to signaling-defectiv...

The transcriptional regulatory network that controls the determination and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in the embryo has at its core the four myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) Myf5, MyoD, Mrf4 and MyoG. These basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors act by binding, as obligate heterodimers with the ubiquitously expressed E proteins, to the E-box sequence CANNTG. While all skel...

W hat is the origin of species? Nearly a century and a half after the question was first posed 1 , evolutionary biology has yet to come up with a satisfactory answer. This is largely because of the timescales involved: an entire speciation event is unlikely to occur within the lifetime of a research scientist, let alone the lifetime of a research grant. Nevertheless , it is still possible to de...

Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) is a N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) binding lectin found in the albumen gland of the roman snail. As a constituent of perivitelline fluid, HPA protects fertilized eggs from bacteria and is part of the innate immunity system of the snail. The peptide sequence deduced from gene cloning demonstrates that HPA belongs to a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins recent...