The interaction between floral traits and reproductive isolation is crucial to explaining the extraordinary diversity of angiosperms. Heterostyly, a complex floral polymorphism that optimizes outcrossing, evolved repeatedly and has been shown to accelerate diversification in primroses, yet its potential influence on isolating mechanisms remains unexplored. Furthermore, the relative contribution...

The present research shows the results of a national study documenting occurrence and genetic diversity Echinococcus Taenia species across Bhutan. Environmental dog faecal samples (n = 953) were collected from 2016 to 2018 in all 20 Bhutanese districts, mainly urbanised areas. Cystic echinococcosis cysts isolated 13 humans one mithun (Bos frontalis). Isolation taeniid eggs faeces was performed ...

Inferring the history of isolation and gene flow during species divergence is a central question in evolutionary biology. The European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and brook lamprey (L. planeri) show a low reproductive isolation but have highly distinct life histories, the former being parasitic-anadromous and the latter non-parasitic and freshwater resident. Here we used microsatellite...

The pfcrt gene is a biomarker to determine the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine and amodiaquine. When was switched ACT, it very likely that there will be an increase in wild type strains (pfcrt K76) due absence exposure chloroquine. Currently has not used for malaria treatment. aims this study were identify polymorphisms phylogenetic analysis isolates from patients Pesawaran Rege...

background and aims: infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the etiological agent of infectious bronchitis (ib), which is an acute and highly contagious disease of the respiratory and sometimes the urogenital tracts of chickens. in iran, the disease has been identified in chicken flocks with serological and virus isolation methods. gene 3c (e) encode envelop (small membrane) protein. for envelope...