All oil and gas pipeline systems are run by human operators (called controllers) who use computer-based workstations in control rooms to "control" pipelines. Several human factor elements could contribute to the lack of controller success in preventing or mitigating pipeline accidents/incidents. These elements exist in both the work environment and also in the computer system design/operation (...

after the soviet union fragmentation, the attentions of regional and international countries have turned to this region for oil and gas discovery in the caspian basin. after that, this region enjoys more geopolitical importance increasingly. therefore, the main question is:” what factors can influence the new geopolitics of the caspian basin?” it seems that, some issues such as the lack of a...

We examine the life cycle costs, environmental discharges, and deaths of moving coal via rail, coal gas via pipeline, and electricity via wire from the Powder River Basin (PRB) in Wyoming to Texas. Which method has least social cost depends on how much additional investment in rail line, transmission, or pipeline infrastructure is required, as well as how much and how far energy is transported....

—North American monilophyte (fern) and lycophyte richness patterns are examined at three taxonomic levels (species, genus, and family). We determine: (1) if fern richness patterns are associated with water and energy variables that are predicted by the productivity-diversity hypothesis and (2) whether the pattern or strength of the relationship varies with taxonomic level. We present species ri...

The main purpose of the leakage detection system on a gas pipeline is to give a warning of the dangers related to a gas leak that could endanger human lives and cause material loss. There is a wide range of gas detection systems used to provide an early detection and warning in the event of a leak in a gas pipeline, one of which that is wired monitoring system. However, in its implementation, t...

In this paper we study the Hutchinson-Barnsley theory of fractals in the setting of multimetric spaces (which are sets endowed with point separating families of pseudometrics) and in the setting of topological spaces. We find natural connections between these two approaches.

Objectives 1. To identify organisations involved in gas explosion research in the U.K. and Europe. 2. To survey these organisations, to determine their areas of current and proposed work. 3. To collate their responses in a report, which also provides an up to date literature review of gas explosion modelling. 4. To critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of available gas explosion models...

A Blast furnace is an investment in the future. It is necessary that there is the proper dimensioning of all the equipment, systems and components as well as incorporation of technologies which assure the desired production and quality so that improved performance of the blast furnace can be achieved. Gas is one of the major resources of nature. Gas distribution across any part is processed by ...