Energy efficiency is likely to influence the characteristics and magnitude of residential energy demand in the future. In particular, improved thermal insulation, patterns of appliance ownership, and turnover of housing stock will change the residential energy landscape. The economics of residential micro combined heat and power (micro-CHP) a technology to provide heat and some electricity to i...

This paper presents the possibilities of minimizing the energy and water demand in urban areas by introducing technical changes, such as more efficient technology and local supply systems. In order to examine the effects of solutions, Musashino city, Olleof the cities in Tokyo, Japan, is used as a cage study. Urban cities, in which most of human societies exist, have developed drastically durin...

the aim of this study was to represent effective componentsin demand chain which help organizations attain high performance levelsthrough identification of these components and determining theirdegree of importance. the following questions were major ideas of thisstudy: what are the most effective components in demand chain? andhow are they effective on organizational performance? to this end,m...

The main objectives of the Third Gas Directive (2009/73EC) approved by the European Union are: unbundling, creating an independent Transport Service Operator (TSO) and ensuring free access to the market. The separation of gas trading from transportation activities required new market rules and gas balancing. Thereby, the TSO's responsibilities are to maintain network pressures within acceptable...

Decreasing supplies of high quality crude oil and increasing demand for high quality distillates have motivated the interest in converting natural gas to liquid fuels, especially with the present boom in natural gas proven reserves. Nevertheless, one major issue is the curtailment of costs incurred in producing synthesis gas from natural gas, which account for approximately 60% of the costs use...

Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are a powerful technique to address hard optimisation problems. However, scalability issues might prevent them from being applied to real-world problems. Exploiting parallel GAs in the cloud might be an affordable approach to get time efficient solutions that benefit of the appealing features of the cloud, such as scalability, reliability, fault-tolerance and cost-effec...

Rapidly growing natural gas demand in China has formed a precondition to investigate the potential of several pipelines from Russia and other CIS countries, which could possibly head their flows to the Chinese natural gas market. The variety of proposed projects and the difference in their characteristics results in competition and, therefore, in order to assess the projects’ economic perspecti...