PURPOSE To examine the efficacy of a novel method of decellularizing porcine corneal stroma using N(2) gas from liquid N(2) and the feasibility of using decellularized porcine corneal stroma in a corneal transplantation model in rabbits. METHODS Porcine corneas were placed in a tube, and N(2) gas from liquid N(2) was poured into the tube to freeze the corneas and make the inside of the tube h...

The imposition of environmental regulations, such as greenhouse gas charges, to domestic manufacturing traditionally creates concerns over the impacts of those regulations on international competition and downstream product prices. The US Nitrogen fertilizer industry, an energy-intensive trade-exposed industry, has been considered by conventional metrics to be one of the most vulnerable to such...

Climate policies such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade programs are increasingly used to reduce emissions. In the United States, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) program is this paper, I use detailed state-level data estimate impact of RGGI on coal and natural gas consumption in electric-power industry. find directly caused phase-outs within regulated states. Specifically, decreased fo...

abstract the limitation of water sources in most places all over the world, especially in arid and semi-arid lands is an important issue for those who live in these areas. many governments have dedicated their efforts toward finding new water resources to obtain water. fog and cap clouds harvesting are one of the candidate methods to produce pure water. many countries including chile, peru, ecu...

The past two decades have seen a remarkable embrace of economics in the sphere of environmental policy. Emissions trading (also known as cap and trade), first proposed by Dales (1968) but long restricted to academic wish lists, is now the presumptive method for new regulation of pollution in the United States. The landmark U.S. Acid Rain Program, Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, i...

As countries around the world formulate policies to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, policymakers must weigh the merits of implementing an emissions tax or a cap-and-trade system. A primary barrier to the adoption of a cap-and-trade system is the idea that variability and uncertainty in the permit price (and hence a firm’s emissions cost) has an adverse impact on domestic manufacturing ...

This study aims to propose three evaluation methods to evaluate the Tokyo Cap and Trade Program when emissions trading is performed virtually among enterprises, focusing on carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the only emitted greenhouse gas that tends to increase. The first method clarifies the optimum reduction rate for the highest cost benefit, the second discusses emissions trading among enterpri...

A gas chromatographic (GC) method is presented for determining residues of chloramphenicol (CAP), florfenicol (FF), florfenicol amine (FFa), and thiamphenicol (TAP) in shrimp tissues, with meta-nitrochloramphenicol (mCAP) as the internal standard. The composited shrimp is extracted with basic ethyl acetate, followed by an acetonitrile-basic ethyl acetate mixture. This extract is centrifuged, fi...

Abstract The explosive increase of the price natural gas is a key driver inflation in Germany. At same time, physical shortages fall or winter are plausible scenario. A policy response urgently needed that protects households from skyrocketing heating costs while at time maintaining incentives to save gas. We have proposed cap for households’ basic consumption and market prices all demand above...