A population of herbivorous insects that shifts to a novel host can experience selection pressures that result in adaptation to the new resource. Host race formation, considered an early stage of the speciation process, may result. ! e current study investigates host shifts and variation in traits potentially involved in the evolution of reproductive isolation among populations of the juniper h...

The purpose of this paper is to study the fuzzy fractional differentialequations. We prove that fuzzy fractional differential equation isequivalent to the fuzzy integral equation and then using this equivalenceexistence and uniqueness result is establish. Fuzzy derivative is considerin the Goetschel-Voxman sense and fractional derivative is consider in theRiemann Liouville sense. At the end, we...

We study a coupled uid-structure system. The structure corresponds to a part of the boundary of a domain containing an incompressible viscous uid. The structure displacement is modeled by an ordinary di erential equation. We prove the local null controllability of the system when the control acts on a xed subset of the uid domain.

For linear di erential algebraic equations of tractability index 1 the notion of the adjoint equation is analysed in full detail. Its solvability is shown at the lowest possible smoothness. The fundamental matrices of both equations are de ned and their relationships are characterized.

We study an abstract nonlinear evolution equation governed by time-dependent operator of subdi erential type in a real Hilbert space. In this paper we discuss the convergence of solutions to our evolution equations. Also, we investigate the optimal control problems of nonlinear evolution equations. Moreover, we apply our abstract results to a quasilinear parabolic PDE with a mixed boundary cond...

Methodologies are presented for assessing the feasibility of parameter estimation in nonlinear ordinary di erential equation (ODE) models. These methods are applied to a recent model for hepatitis C viral dynamics. Subset selection is performed on themodel parameters, andmaximum likelihood estimation is conducted using available data from the literature.

I. Positive energy representations of LSU(N) ................................................................. 477 II. Local loop groups and their von Neumann algebras ................................................. 491 III. The basic ordinary di€erential equation ..................................................................... 505 IV. Vector and dual vector primary ®elds ..................

This paper proposes a new technique based on double parametric form of fuzzy numbers to handle the uncertain vibration equation for very large membrane for different particular cases. Uncertainties present in the initial condition and the wave velocity of free vibration are modelled through Gaussian convex normalised fuzzy set. Using the single parametric form of fuzzy number, the original fuzz...

Yoshimoto and colleagues [1] demonstrate that peri pheral monocytes from patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) produce signifi cantly higher amounts of the cytokines B cell-activating factor (BAFF) (also called B-lympho cyte stimulator, or BlyS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in compari son with normal monocytes. Increased expression of BAFF might explain pathogenic B-cell activation in several syste...

Keywords: estimation, maximum principle, stochastic di¤erential equation, time-varying parameters. An important area of …nancial mathematics studies the expected returns and volatilities of the price dynamics of stocks, bonds, and interest rates. The stochastic dynamics of stocks, bonds, and interest rates should be correctly speci…ed since misspeci…cation of a model leads to erroneous valuatio...