Decreasing fossil fuel stocks has prompted research and development to find alternatives, particularly from renewable energy resources. Lower alcohol, fatty ester called as Bio-Diesel production using vegetable oils with the help of biological catalysts (Lipases) is being considered as one such good alternative. Soil samples in and around petroleum stock processing plant wereused to isolate fun...

A multiplex PCR method was developed to identify simultaneously multiple fungal pathogens in a single reaction. Five sets of species-specific primers were designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, ITS1 and ITS2, of the rRNA gene to identify Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Another set of previously publis...

Ants of the tribe Attini comprise a monophyletic group of approximately 230 described and many more undescribed species that obligately depend on the cultivation of fungus for food. In return, the ants nourish, protect, and disperse their fungal cultivars. Although all members of this tribe cultivate fungi, attine ants are surprisingly heterogeneous with regard to symbiont associations and agri...

The characteristic growth pattern of fungal mycelia as an interconnected network has a major impact on how cellular events operating on a micron scale affect colony behavior at an ecological scale. Network structure is intimately linked to flows of resources across the network that in turn modify the network architecture itself. This complex interplay shapes the incredibly plastic behavior of f...

Nosema ceranae as a fungal parasite has been reported from the Apis mellifera in all continents. It causes reduced longevity, depopulation, decreased production, and colony losses honeybee colonies. This study aimed to determine prevalence of N.ceranae apiaries Mazandaran province. In this study, we randomly selected 320 hives thirty-two collected twenty old honeybees apiaries. The samples were...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of pH-sensitive liposomes of nystatin against Cryptococcus neoformans infection in a murine model. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the antifungal activity of nystatin entrapped in pH-sensitive liposomes in a murine model. Mice infected with C. neoformans were treated with nystatin in neutral egg phosphatidylcholine (egg-PC) liposomes, as well ...

Aging and imperfections provide important visual cues for realism. We present a novel physically-based approach for simulating the biological aging and decay process in fruits. This method simulates interactions between multiple processes. Our biologically-derived, reaction-diffusion model generates growth patterns for areas of fungal and bacterial infection. Fungal colony spread and propagatio...

in number (16 of 22) of infants in the dutch laboratory rabbit breeding colony, in aged 45-65 days old, hair loss (alopecia) seen at the top of the head and around a week after the hair fall, was created in a state of complete alopecia. for determination of the cause of hair loss, after the observation and palpation the alopecic area, there have not been any swelling, abscesses, tumors. in s...

Background: Microbial and fungal contamination of agricultural produce has been a health challenge over the years. The present study surveyed microbial and aflatoxin contamination in groundnut, maize, and cowpea collected from Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methods: Ninety samples of maize, groundnut, and cowpea were purchased from six major markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The samples were first e...

Maize is a socioeconomically important crop in many countries. Recently, a high incidence of stalk rot disease has been reported in several maize fields in Gangwon province. In this report, we show that maize stalk rot is associated with the fungal pathogens Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum. Since no fungicides are available to control these pathogens on maize plants, we selected six fun...