This article explores the basic tenets of historical materialism. It is relevant to identifying general trends materialistic critique evolution human society. The addresses research problems concerning conception history, relationship between base and superstructure, significance mode production, class struggle in development history. deals with through review-based analysis rise reveals that m...

Abstract This chapter overviews long-standing foundations, methods, and concepts of dendrochronology, yet also pays attention to a few related paradigm shifts driven by isotope measurements in tree-rings. The basics annual ring formation are first reviewed, followed structural descriptions tree-rings at the macroscopic-to-microscopic scale including earlywoodandlatewoodin conifers (gymnosperms)...