Since ancient times, cervical assessment for predicting timing of delivery has relied primarily on digital (subjective) assessment of dilatation, softening, and length. To date, transvaginal ultrasound cervical length is the only one of these parameters that meets criteria for a biomarker; no objective, quantitative measure of cervical dilatation or softening has gained clinical acceptance. Thi...

In 1910, Sir Marc Armand Ruffer (1859-1917), considered to be one of the founders of paleopathology, discovered the calcified eggs of Schistosoma haematobium in the kidneys of two mummies from Egypt’s 20 dynasty (1250-1000 BC). Since Ruffer’s discovery, debate has ensued over whether the medical papyri offer conclusive evidence that schistosomiasis, or bilharziasis, was known to the ancient Egy...

It has often been asked if one is a prime number, or if there was a time when most mathematicians thought one was prime. Whether or not the number one is prime is simply a matter of definition, but definitions are often decided by the use of mathematics. In this paper we will survey the history of the definition of prime as applied to the number one, from the ancient Greeks to the modern times....

The aim of the paper is to give an overview of the knowledge on asthma through the history of mankind. The text begins with ancient China and it is finished with the medicine of Middle Age. During this time, a lot of theories came and this appeared about the etiology and therapy of the disease. The paper is giving a short description of the changing medical views during this very long period in...

Economics is the social science concerned with the production, distribution and consumption of wealth. The word economics is derived from the ancient Greek word ‘Oikonomia’. This roughly translates to household management. The ancient Greeks used oikonomia to refer to the organizing of activities in a household and to larger political units as well, such as city-states. Oikonomia, as used in an...