When a gravitational wave (GW) from a distant source propagates through the universe, its amplitude and phase change due to gravitational lensing by the inhomogeneous mass distribution. We derive the amplitude and phase fluctuations, and calculate these variances in the limit of a weak gravitational field of density perturbation. If the scale of the perturbation is smaller than the Fresnel scal...

We present an approach to calculating the complex amplitude of a three-dimensional (3D) diffracted light field in the paraxial approximation based on a 3D Fourier transform. Starting from the Huygens-Fresnel principle, the method is first developed for the computation of the light distribution around the focus of an apertured spherical wave. The method, with modification, is then extended to tr...

This paper suggests an optimized algorithm for computer based field strength and coverage predicting tools. This algorithm is intended for network planning software and focuses on the calculation stages of the diffraction loss caused by multiple edgeknife obstruction of the first Fresnel ellipsoid. The results presented here have been obtained by comparison between former software implementatio...

We demonstrate that a modified point diffraction interferometer can be used to measure the power distribution of different kinds of ophthalmic lenses such as spectacles, rigid and soft contact lenses, progressive lenses, etc. The relationship between the shape of the fringes and the power characteristics of the component being tested is simple and makes the design a very convenient and robust t...

The scalar Huygens-Fresnel principle is reformulated to take into account the vector nature of light and its associated directed electric and magnetic fields. Based on Maxwell's equations, a vector Huygens secondary source is developed in terms of the fundamental radiating units of electromagnetism: the electric and magnetic dipoles. The formulation is in terms of the vector potential from whic...

Advances in holography have led to applications including data storage, displays, security labels, and colorimetric sensors. However, existing top-down approaches for the fabrication of holographic devices are complex, expensive, and expertise dependent, limiting their use in practical applications. Here, ink-based holographic devices have been created for a wide range of applications in diffra...

Augustin Fresnel, who was born in Broglie (Eure, northern France) in 1788 and died in Ville-d’Avray (currently in the Hauts-de-Seine department) in 1827, began his education at the Ecole polytechnique in Paris at the age of 16. Five years later, he became a member of the Corps des ponts et chaussées [Corps of Bridges]. Unanimously elected as a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1823, he accom...