Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) regulates the expression of chloroplast genes involved in photosynthesis and development rice. The PEP-associated protein (PAP) PAP7/pTAC14 is essential for formation PEP complex. However, function PAP7 rice remains unclear. In this study, we identified a mutant, w81, which displays yellow-green leaf symptom before four-leaf stage. seedlings w81 mutant displ...

tomato, lycopersicum esculentum miller, is a grassy and annual plant from solanaceae family which is the most important farm plant after potato. the cotton-melon aphid, aphis gossypii glover (hem.: aphididae), is an important pests of tomato and vector of viral diseases in the farms and greenhouses. in the greenhouse its damage ranks second to the whiteflies (bemisia tabaci gennadius). in this ...

Benzobicyclon is a new postflood-applied herbicide that was registered for use in U.S. rice (Oryza sativa L.) 2021 by Gowan Company. Therefore, research conducted to evaluate tolerance of commonly grown cultivars benzobicyclon. In 2018 and 2019, field experiments were near Stuttgart, AR the influence growth stage on benzobicyclon, pure line hybrid benzobicyclon following repeated acetolactate s...

Models of global climate change predict an increase in the frequency of major droughts, yet we know little about the consequences of drought for the demography of natural populations. This study examined a population of the semi-desert perennial Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae) to determine how plants of different developmental stages respond to drought through changes in leaf gas exchange, leaf...

Four-week-old French Colombard plants rooted from green cuttings were inoculated with 0, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, or 8,000 Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles and maintained at 25 C night and 30 C day. Leaf area and dry weight and the rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and internal leaf CO concentration were measured at intervals up to 59 days after inoculation. Nematode stress...

Four-week-old French Colombard plants rooted from green cuttings were inoculated with 0, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, or 8,000 Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles and maintained at 25 C night and 30 C day. Leaf area and dry weight and the rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and internal leaf COs concentrat ion were measured at intervals up to 59 days after inoculation. Nematode stre...

Class 1 KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOXI) genes encode transcription factors that are expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and are essential for SAM maintenance. In some species with compound leaves, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), KNOXI genes are also expressed during leaf development and affect leaf morphology. To dissect the role of KNOXI proteins in leaf patterning, we express...

Leaf area index is one of the most important parameters in ecological and environmental studies. This paper presents a method for single leaf area measurement based on the counting of the leaf pixels in digital leaf image. Initially, the target leaf is put on a piece of white paper on which four endpoints of an equal-length and orthogonal cross are printed. A background color threshold is then ...

introduction sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) as the second most important world’s sugar source after sugarcane is one of the major industrial crops. the presence of weeds in sugar beet fields, especially at early growth stages, results in a substantial decrease in the crop yield. it is very important to efficiently eliminate weeds at early growing stages. the first step of precision weed control ...

they are simply a set of features, that when combined, best discriminate 600 one biological process (e.g., evolutionary history) from others (e.g., developmental 601 stage). The shapes that arise through this combination of features are latent only 602 because they are not immediately recognizable when each of their component 603 landmarks is considered alone; the effects of genetics and develo...