We give a formal model of component interface for real-time component based systems. We extend the specification of a method with a time constraint which is a relation between the resource availability and the amount of time spent to perform the method. We define a contract to include method specification, and define a component as an implementation of a contract. This implementation may requir...

The purpose of the study is to establish features regulation individual relations in digital economy. work uses a systematic approach, methods comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical formal and dialectical logic; private scientific method: comparative legal. result was postulates that such qualifying carsharing agreement as subject structure conclusion allow us conclude it necessar...

In automated negotiation systems consisting of self-interested agents, contracts have traditionally been binding. Such contracts do not allow agents to e ciently accommodate future events. Game theory has proposed contingency contracts to solve this problem. Among computational agents, contingency contracts are often impractical due to large numbers of interdependent and unanticipated future ev...

Contracts are a form of lightweight formal specification embedded in the program text. Being executable parts of the code, they encourage programmers to devote proper attention to specifications, and help maintain consistency between specification and implementation as the program evolves. The present study investigates how contracts are used in the practice of software development. Based on an...

Although the "opioid contract" is widely used in the administration of chronic opioid therapy, its use has not been well defined and there are few guidelines for developing or revising such tools. We reviewed opioid contracts from 39 major academic pain centers and analyzed every statement for its core meaning. These statements were grouped into general categories and then into specific stateme...

This paper is concerned with the role of information in the servitization of manufacturing, which has led to ‘the innovation of an organisation’s capabilities and processes as equipment manufacturers seek to offer services around their products’ (Neely 2009, Baines et al. 2009). This evolution has resulted in an information requirement (IR) shift as companies move from discrete provision of equ...

Contract interpretation remains the most important source of commercial litigation and the most contentious area of contemporary contract doctrine and scholarship. Two polar positions have competed for dominance in contract interpretation. In a textualist regime, generalist courts cannot consider context; in a contextualist regime, they must. Underlying this dispute are contrary assumptions abo...

Working papers of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment on research in progress. They may not have been subject to the formal editorial review accorded offi cial Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland publications. The views stated herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Ban...

Static type systems are usually not sufficient to express all requirements on function calls. Hence, contracts with preand postconditions can be used to express more complex constraints on operations. Contracts can be checked at run time to ensure that operations are only invoked with reasonable arguments and return intended results. Although such dynamic contract checking provides more reliabl...

We develop a model of strategic contractual incompleteness that identifies conditions under which principals might omit even costlessly verifiable terms. We then use experiments to test comparative statics predictions of the model. While it is well known that verifiability imperfections can limit complete contracting, researchers know less about how the degree of imperfection affects endogenous...