Oscillators based on levitated particles are promising for the development of ultrasensitive force detectors. The theoretical performance nanomechanical sensors is usually characterized by so-called thermal noise limit detection sensitivity, which does not exhibit spectral specificity in practical measurements. To characterize actual performance, we propose a method sensitivity calibration sens...

soil compaction is an important aspect of agriculture and different methods are available to measure this parameter. one method is called the cone index; measuring the force required per unit area for penetration of a standard steel cone into the ground. cone penetrometers are used for cone index measurement. in this study, a tractor mounted, hydraulically-operated penetrometer was designed, bu...