We address the issue of a tradeoff between longand short-term interests in economic management. Starting with an obvious observation that the actions targeted to longand short-term goals are generally in conflict, we pass on to a less obvious satement that it is not an exceptional situation that a smart decision maker can reduce or even eliminate the conflict. We illustrate the statement by an ...

We analyze a supply chain environment in which a distributor facing price-sensitive demand has the opportunity to contractually commit to a delivery quantity at regular intervals over a finite horizon in exchange for a per-unit cost reduction for units acquired via committed delivery. Supplemental orders needed to meet demand are purchased at an additional unit cost. For normally distributed de...

Engineers targeting DSP to FPGAs have traditionally used fixed-point arithmetic, mainly because of the high cost associated with implementing floating-point arithmetic. That cost comes in the form of increased circuit complexity and often degraded maximum clock performance. Certain applications demand the dynamic range offered by floating-point hardware but require speeds and circuit sizes usua...

The present investigation was aimed to formulate and evaluate the gastro-retentive floating microballoons of glipizide using hydrophilic polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Eudragit RS100 (RS 100) by emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The floating microballoons were evaluated using micromeritic properties, buoyancy, in vitro drug release, scanning electron microscopy and stab...

The Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) problem over floating-point arithmetic is a major hurdle in applying SMT techniques to real-world floatingpoint code. Solving floating-point constraints is challenging in part because floating-point semantics is difficult to specify or abstract. State-of-the-art SMT solvers still often run into difficulties when solving complex, non-linear floating-

We present algorithms that solve the following problem: given three ranges of floating-point numbers Rx, Ry , Rz , a floating-point operation (op), and a rounding-mode (round), generate three floating-point numbers x̄, ȳ, z̄ such that x̄ ∈ Rx, ȳ ∈ Ry , z̄ ∈ Rz , and z̄ = round(x̄ op ȳ). This problem, although quite simple when dealing with intervals of real numbers, is much more complex when consider...

We use reduced precision checking (RPC) to detect errors in floating point arithmetic. Prior work explored RPC for addition and multiplication. In this work, we extend RPC to a complete floating point unit (FPU), including division and square root, and we present precise analyses of the errors undetectable with RPC that show bounds that are smaller than prior work. We implement RPC for a comple...

OVERVIEW FPGAs are increasingly used as parallel processing engines for demanding digital signal processing applications. Benchmark results show that on highly parallelizable workloads, FPGAs can achieve higher performance and superior cost/performance compared to digital signal processors (DSPs) and general-purpose CPUs. However, to date, FPGAs have been used almost exclusively for fixed-point...

In this paper we present a design for a floating point unit partially compliant with the IEEE 754 floating point standard. The unit fully implements comparisons and partially implements floating-point addition and multiplication. It is fully parametrized and may be used with floating point numbers whose composite fields have widths of any desired length.

CONTEXT In India, 14% of the population use smoked tobacco products. Increasing prices of these products is one of the measures to curb their consumption. AIMS This study analyzes "unit price" and "daily consumption" of cigarettes and bidis and investigates their relation with each other. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was conducted in four states of India (Bihar, West Bengal,...