Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants are used to neutralise free radicals and protect the body from free radicals by maintaining the redox balance. The antioxidant properties of Dracaena sanderiana leaves were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured. The classes of secondary metabolites were evaluated through p...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to develop an optimal niosomal system to deliver Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) with improved oral bioavailability and to replace the conventional GbE tablets. METHODS In this study, the film dispersion-homogenization method was used to prepare GbE niosomes. The resulting GbE niosome suspension was freeze-dried or spray-dried to improve the stability of the n...

BACKGROUND We previously reported that the constitutional flavonoid glycosides derived from herb Epimedium (EF, composed of seven flavonoid compounds with common nuclear stem) exerted beneficial effects on the bone, including promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone marrow fat deposition. Recent in vivo study showed that Icaritin was a common metabolite of these constitutional flavonoid gly...

Flavonoids play an important role in the pigmentation of flowers; in addition, they protect petals and other flower parts from UV irradiation and oxidative stress. Nudicaulins, flavonoid-derived indole alkaloids, along with pelargonidin, kaempferol, and gossypetin glycosides, are responsible for the color of white, red, orange, and yellow petals of different Papaver nudicaule cultivars. The col...

Members of several genera of Asteraceae, belonging to the tribes Mutisieae, Cardueae, Lactuceae (all subfamily Cichorioideae), and of Astereae, Senecioneae, Helenieae and Heliantheae (all subfamily Asteroideae) have been analyzed for chemodiversity of their exudate flavonoid profiles. The majority of structures found were flavones and flavonols, sometimes with 6- and/or 8-substitution, and with...

A validated HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) method for the analysis of non-anthocyanin flavonoids was applied to nine different tissues of twelve lotus genotypes of Nelumbo nucifera and N. lutea, together with an optimized anthocyanin extraction and separation protocol for lotus petals. A total of five anthocyanins and twenty non-anthocyanin flavonoids was identified and quantified. Flavonoid contents and c...

Leaves of a novel strain of peas (Pisum sativum L.) were used to determine the distribution of secondary metabolites and their biosynthetic enzymes. Leaf epidermal layers in this strain are easily separated from the parenchyma. Anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides were localized in epidermal vacuoles only. Among the biosynthetic enzymes studied, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), S-...

Five flavonoid glycosides and two derivatives were isolated from the herbs of Scorzonera austriaca Wild by silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified, using chemical and spectroscopic methods, as 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone 6-C-(2''-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl β-d-glucopyranoside) (1), 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone 6-C-(2''-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl β-d-glucopyrano...