We consider special flows over circle rotations with an asymmetric function having logarithmic singularities. If some expressions containing singularity coefficients are different from any negative integer, then there exists a class of well-approximable angles of rotation such that the special flow over the rotation of this class is mixing. Examples of smooth flows on a two-dimensional torus wi...

The occurrence of early failures in a fixed-sample acceptance test, where the sample observations are obtained sequentially, presents an interesting decision problem. I t may be desirable to abandon the test a t an early stage if the conditional probability of passing is small and the testing cost is high. This paper presents a stopping rule based on the maximum-likelihood estimate of total cos...

Since fuzzy numbers are not linearly ordered a median of a fuzzy sample cannot be determined directly as it happens with crisp observations. Even the very notion of a median of a fuzzy sample is not well established. Therefore we propose some definitions of the fixed-shape fuzzy median of a fuzzy sample as a member of a given class of fuzzy numbers which minimizes the distance to the sample. We...

Information about tree biomass is important not only in the assessment of wood resources but also process preparing forest management plans, as well for estimating carbon stocks and their flow ecosystems. The study aimed to develop empirical models determining dry mass aboveground parts black locust trees components (stem, branches, leaves). research was carried out based on data collected 13 s...

Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding reinforcement learning in discounted infinite-horizon Markov decision processes (MDPs) by deriving tight sample complexity bounds. However, in many real-world applications, an interactive learning agent operates for a fixed or bounded period of time, for example tutoring students for exams or handling customer service requests. Such...

Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) is now well established as a method for estimating the parameters of the general Gaussian linear model with a structured covariance matrix, in particular for mixed linear models. Conventionally, estimates of precision and inference for fixed effects are based on their asymptotic distribution, which is known to be inadequate for some small-sample problems. In...

Preserved clinical material is a unique source for proteomic investigation of human disorders. Here we describe an optimized protocol allowing large scale quantitative analysis of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue. The procedure comprises four distinct steps. The first one is the preparation of sections from the FFPE material and microdissection of cells of interest. In the sec...

Sample-based tree search (SBTS) is an approach to solving Markov decision problems based on constructing a lookahead search tree using random samples from a generative model of the MDP. It encompasses Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) algorithms like UCT as well as algorithms such as sparse sampling. SBTS is well-suited to solving MDPs with large state spaces due to the relative insensitivity of S...

• ORA vs. B>1 indicates a higher response rate in favour of treatment A. • The DIC (Deviance Information Criterion) is commonly used to select fixed vs. random effects model • DIC represents a trade-off between model adequacy and complexity (i.e. complex models, for example a random effect vs a fixed effect model, are penalised) • The model associated with the lowest DIC is selected, considerin...

The establishment of several large area monitoring networks over the past few decades has led to increased research into ways to spatially balance sample locations across the landscape. Many of these methods are well documented and have been used in the past with great success. In this paper, we present a method using geographic information systems (GIS) and fractals to create a sampling frame,...