This paper builds a framework for analyzing models with multiple time-varying treatments when selection into treatment is sequential and varies across treatment statuses. The key challenge is to separate the time-varying effect of treatment from dynamic selection into treatment based on unobservables. To address this problem, we develop a method that is a hybrid between a control function and a...

This paper presents unique evidence that orphanhood matters in the long-run for health and education outcomes, in a region of Northwestern Tanzania. We study a sample of 718 nonorphaned children surveyed in 1991-94, who were traced and reinterviewed as adults in 2004. A large proportion, 19 percent, lost one or more parents before the age of 15 in this period, allowing us to assess permanent he...

context: to evaluate treatment success and hypothyroidism following main methods of radioiodine therapy of toxic nodular goiter (tng); calculated versus fixed dose and high versus low dose of radioiodine. evidence acquisitions: we searched medline and scopus databases from inception till july 2013, for clinical trials that compared two different methods of radioiodine administration in tng. the...

Most studies on optimal crossover designs are based on models that assume subject effects to be fixed effects. In this article we identify and study optimal and efficient designs for a model with random subject effects. With the number of periods not exceeding the number of treatments, we find that totally balanced designs are universally optimal for treatment effects in a large subclass of com...

T paper proposes a new methodology to infer investors’ expectations about the speed of leverage adjustment implicit in the prices of credit instruments. On average, the credit markets imply a fairly rapid annual speed of adjustment of 26% toward a firm’s predicted leverage. The speed varies considerably across partitions formed by the differential implications of the pecking order, market timin...

This paper e.vatnines whether a severe flood causes homeowners to update their assessment of ßood risk as seen in a change in the price of fhodphtin property. I use data on all single-family. residential property sales in St, Louis County. Missouri, hetweeti 1979 and 2006 in a repeat-sales model and a property fixed-effects model. After the ¡993 ßood on the Mi.ssouri and Mississippi rivers, pro...

Refrigerator ownership in rural China increased from 14% to 45% over the period 2001-2010.We test the impact on demand for food, particularly meat, using fixed-effect and demand system approaches based on provincial data. Results suggest that rising refrigerator ownership had a negative effect on rural at-home meat demand.

This paper empirically analyses entry by generic firms into the strictly regulated Spanish pharmaceutical market. We estimate a fixed effects negative binomial entry model using a panel of 77 active ingredient markets during the period 1999– 2005. The results show that generic entry depends positively on revenues, the age of themarket, and the number of previous brand-name competitors, and nega...