The finite element method (FEM) is a domain technique of solving the underlying governing equation in the region. The solution obtained in the total region is ideal to study energy/defect interactions, but the extensive discretization demands vast computer resources. On the other hand, the potential savings in computation resources, due to a limited surface or boundary discretization, is the pr...

The presence of an 'underfill' encapsulant between a micro-electronic device and the underlying substrate is known to substantially improve the thermal fatigue life of flip-chip solder joints, primarily due to load-transfer from the solder to the encapsulant. In this study, a new single joint-shear (SJS) test, which allows the measurement of the strain response of an individual solder ball duri...

INTRODUCTION The onset of trabecular bone damage is a local phenomenon, governed by tissue-level material properties, and architecture at the initiation site. Different modes of microfracture (bending, buckling, and shearing) and microdamage (single, parallel, and cross-hatched cracks) can occur [1]. The initiation of bone damage can lead to two scenarios. In the first case, normal repair proce...