It has been my privilege to be associated with general practice in the British Army for over 20 years. It all began when Robert Drew and I both used to attend combined medical rounds at Guy's Hospital on a Friday afternoon. I was a G.P. seeking to keep up with clinical medicine and Robert then was Commandant at the Royal Army Medical College at Millbank. He asked me for my opinions on general p...

This paper proposes a new instrument for institutional quality—the salary of colonial governors—to investigate whether variations in the quality of British colonial rule continue to have an impact on the economic performance of former colonies. Governors’ salaries provide a good source of exogenous variation because the ranking of salaries across the British Empire remained relatively fixed fro...

The drug quinine figured as an object of enforced consumption in British India between the late 1890s and the 1910s, when the corresponding diagnostic category malaria itself was redefined as a mosquito-borne fever disease. This article details an overlapping milieu in which quinine, mosquitoes and malaria emerged as intrinsic components of shared and symbiotic histories. It combines insights f...

Adam Ferguson’s imperial thought casts new light on the age-old republican dilemma of tension between empire and liberty. Generations writers had been haunted by this issue as decline Rome proved that expansion would eventually ruin liberty a state. Many eighteenth-century Scottish thinkers regarded an insoluble conundrum thus became critics empire. Ferguson shared their basic views but, parado...

the sherley brothers' mission in iran dealt with some aspects. they carried a message from england and the christian world to shah abbas. in addition, they trained iranian army and taught them how to make artillery, they fought with the iranians against the ottoman empire shoulder to shoulder and both of them were sent to europe for political and commercial purposes by shah abbas. shah abb...