Computerized analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram has been developed during the past 40 years. A mature system for ST analysis (STAN) has resulted from a series of laboratory and clinical studies. The current STAN system provides adjunctive information to the standard interpretation of fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns. This monograph describes the basis for the STAN methodology, including the...

Actocardiogram (ACG): The ACG simultaneously traced FHR curve and fetal movement signals. The MHz level continuous wave (CW) ultrasound was used, of which SPTA intensity was as weak as 1 mW/cm2. The fetal movement Doppler signals obtained by 2 MHz source ultrasound was 20-50 Hz. The ultrasound detected Doppler fetal heart beat signals at the same time, of which Doppler frequency was 100 or more...

Fetal heart rate (FHR) variations reflect the level of oxygenation and blood pressure of the fetus. Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM), the continuous monitoring of the FHR, was introduced into clinical practice in the late 1960s and since then it has been considered as an indispensable tool for fetal surveillance. However, EFM evaluation and its merit is still an open field of controversy, main...

Monitoring of fetal heart rate (FHR) is an important measure of fetal wellbeing during the months of pregnancy. Previous works on estimating FHR variability from Doppler ultrasound (DUS) signal mainly through autocorrelation analysis showed low accuracy when compared with heart rate variability (HRV) computed from fetal electrocardiography (fECG). In this work, we proposed a method based on emp...

Fetal cardiovascular responses to an altered intrauterine environment of increased myometrial contractures induced by oxytocin (OT) pulses to the ewe over the final 50 days of gestation were studied in chronically instrumented sheep. Ewes received saline (Cntl) or long-term OT treatment (LTOT, 600 microU x kg(-1) x min(-1) in 5-min pulses every 20 min) from 96 days gestational age. Fetal barore...

Background: In early pregnancy, it is essential to emphasize viability, and gestational age precisely.Researchers have tried discover some useful sonographic indicators in pregnancy so as expect theoutcome of the ongoing pregnancy. The aim this study assess first-trimester ultrasound measurementsfor prediction loss.Subjects Method: A prospective observational cohort done Tikrit city outpatient ...

A FETAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ELECTRODEt Although it is sixty years since the first fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) was recorded by Cremer,1 it is only in recent years that attempts have been made to improve the FECG signal-to-noise ratio so that FECG configuration changes can be evaluated and the FECG used as a reliable trigger for automatic fetal heart rate (FHR) counting circuits. While the FE...

BACKGROUND Fetal heart rate (FHR) variability is an indirect index of fetal autonomic nervous system (ANS) integrity. FHR variability analysis in labor fails to detect early hypoxia and acidemia. Phase-rectified signal averaging (PRSA) is a new method of complex biological signals analysis that is more resistant to non-stationarities, signal loss and artifacts. It quantifies the average cardiac...

OBJECTIVES The aims were to evaluate whether any changes in blood flow in fetal inferior vena cava (IVC) are observed during Atosiban tocolysis within the first 48 hours of therapy. METHODS Detailed Doppler evaluation of blood flow in fetal IVC was performed prior to Atosiban administration and after 24 and 48 hours respectively. Maternal and fetal heart rate was assessed. IVC Doppler indices...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether selected fetal heart-rate (FHR) patterns and the interval from diagnosis to delivery in pregnancies complicated by chorioamnionitis could predict neonatal outcome. METHODS During a 6-month period, 217 consecutive patients with acute chorioamnionitis were prospectively identified in labor. Following delivery, the fetal monitor strips...