This paper takes the neoclassical infant industry model, allows agents to respond to future expectations, and reveals previously unexplained relationships between protection and outcome. Policy, which projects to protect the industry until international competitiveness, may not necessarily succeed, consistent to the mixed empirical evaluations. To guarantee success, protection has to last longe...

This paper examines interbrand competition between a domestic and a foreign manufacturer who market their products through intermediaries. The contracts manufacturers offer these intermediaries are endogenous. In equilibrium contracts may specify exclusive territories (ET), depending on the degree of substitutability between products and the level and degree of transparency of trade barriers. T...

We examine the effects of mergers and internal groups (lobbies) in shaping national policies towards foreign direct investment. Lobbying is modeled following the political contributions approach. In this work we develop a partial equilibrium model of an oligopolistic industry in which a number of domestic and foreign firms compete in the market for a homogeneous good in a host country. It is as...

Article history: Received 8 December 2011 Received in revised form 6 August 2012 Accepted 7 August 2012 Available online 21 August 2012 This paper studies the intellectual property protection in a global setting where the protection is based on the patentability requirement. When two countries with similar research efficiencies open trade with each other, the world patentability requirement wil...

This paper examines the role of the burden of proof (BoP) in National Treatment (NT) disputes under trade agreements. In the situation under study, imports may cause environmental damage, in which case less favorable treatment of imported products may be globally desirable from an international efficiency point of view. But adjudicators do not with full certainty know the motives for policies t...

Here we report investigations, based on circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, molecular modelling, differential scanning calorimetry and prothrombin time assay, on analogues of the thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) in which individual thymidines were replaced by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine residues. The whole of the data clearly indicate that all derivatives are able to fold in...

We explore how integrating into the world economy affects the incomes of manufacturers in less developed countries (LDCs). We show that cutting back trade barriers has asymmetric effects on the incomes of the two typical groups of entrepreneurs. Whereas access to foreign markets benefits those entrepreneurs who are able to run large-scale factories, credit-rationed entrepreneurs running a micro...

This paper studies the impact of trade liberalization in terms of tariff cuts within the Eastern European enlargement on German and Austrian firm productivity. Unique matching of data from 1994 to 2003 suggests that tariff reductions raise parent firm productivity significantly. A ten percentage point decrease in tariff rates can lead to total factor productivity gains of up to 2 percent. The d...

Background: Prednisolone (PRD) is orally prescribed for inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) as the upper GIT main site of absorption; therefore, long-term PRD dosing decreases therapeutic effectiveness through systemic side effects. Objective: This work focused on formulating sustained-release alginate beads a multiparticulate system colon targeting using prednisolone to be filled in an HPMC caps...

Abstract Using exogenous variation in trade shocks, this study examines the association between nontariff measures and cereal production allocation decisions among commercial farmers Ghana. We from both an extensive (experience of measures) intensive (cost perspective using a sample 455 employ seemingly (un)related regression (SURE) inverse probability weighting with adjustment (IPWRA) to estim...