In this paper, a new scheme is proposed to realize reconfigurable and multifunction optical logic gates (XOR, XNOR, NAND, OR) using Mach–Zehnder interferometer with tunable thermo-optic phase shifter (TOPS). The are realized by tuning the of an signal TOPS without changing physical device structure. logical input “0” or “1” considered corresponding at TOPS. output depends on light intensity por...

Extinction is the reduction in drug seeking when the contingency between drug seeking behavior and the delivery of drug reward is broken. Here, we investigated a role for the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). Rats were trained to respond for 4% (v/v) alcoholic beer in one context (Context A) followed by extinction in a second context (Context B). Rats were subsequently tested in the training con...

Introduction: This study investigates the effects of cannabinoid agonist WIN55-212-2 on acquisition and consolidation phases of the fear memory extinction and also on anxiety and motor activity. Methods: In this study, we used SPS & S model to induce post-traumatic stress disorder. One week after SPS, to establish a conditioned fear memory, rats received an electric foot shock within shock cha...

The variations with wavelength of the reflectivities p+ and p_ corresponding to the two polarization states of the incident neutrons should be related through an extinction independent scaling law in the case of a plate-shaped crystal. If borne out by experiment, this property should provide a very direct way of measuring the ratio of the magnetic and nuclear contributions to the structure fact...

This paper describes the modeling and design of a novel Electro-Absorption Modulator (EAM) based on a Multi-Mode Interference (MMI) waveguide that utilizes the combination of optical absorption and mode interference effects to improve the extinction ratio of the EAM. In addition, modeling and design of an Evanescent Coupler based EAM with improved performance based on a similar dual extinction ...

We determine 37 differential extinctions in 23 gravitational lens galaxies over the range 0 < ∼ z l < ∼ 1. Only 7 of the 23 systems have spectral differences consistent with no differential extinction. The median differential extinction for the optically-selected (radio-selected) subsample is ∆E(B − V) = 0.04 (0.06) mag. The extinction is patchy and shows no correlation with impact parameter. T...

We study that the breakdown of epidemic depends on some parameters, that is expressed in epidemic reproduction ratio number. It is noted that when R0 exceeds 1, the stochastic model have two different results. But, eventually the extinction will be reached even though the major epidemic occurs. The question is how long this process will reach extinction. In this paper, we will focus on the Mark...

We present a comparison of the gas and dust properties of the dense interstellar matter in six nearby star−forming regions (d <500 pc): ρ Oph, Cha I, R CrA, IC 348, NGC 1333, and Orion. We measure from Chandra and XMM−Newton observations the X-ray absorption toward pre-main sequence stars (PMS) without accretion disks (i.e., Class III sources) to obtain the total hydrogen column density NH,X. F...

We have cross-correlated Far Infrared (IRAS) and UV (FOCA) observations of galaxies to construct a sample of FIR selected galaxies with a UV observation at 0.2 μm. The FIR and UV properties of this sample are compared to the mean properties of the local Universe deduced from the luminosity distributions at both wavelengths. Almost all the galaxies of our sample have a FIR to UV flux ratio large...

We have cross-correlated Far Infrared (IRAS) and UV (FOCA) observations of galaxies to construct a sample of FIR selected galaxies with a UV observation at 0.2 μm. The FIR and UV properties of this sample are compared to the mean properties of the local Universe deduced from the luminosity distributions at both wavelengths. Almost all the galaxies of our sample have a FIR to UV flux ratio large...