Nicotine self-administration in animals is often viewed as compelling evidence that nicotine is reinforcing to animals and as corroborating the widely accepted thesis that nicotine is a major cause of smoking. This review examines the studies of nicotine self-administration in animals in the past two decades, focusing on threats to the internal and external validity of these studies and on the ...

Legumes are valued in agricultural systems, as they can contribute to a more sustainable land use. However, their economic value is low. Despite health and environmental benefits, marketers struggle to communicate the worth of legumes to consumers. We evaluate the worth of health and, in particular, environmental claims that would spread consumers’ awareness of ecological advantages. Utilizing ...

We investigate the impact of three different factors on the quality of talking heads as metaphors of a spoken dialogue system in the smart home domain. The main focus lies on the effect of voice and head characteristics on audio and video quality, as well as overall quality. Furthermore, the influence of interactivity and of media context on user perception is analysed. For this purpose two sub...

This article discusses the General Aggression Model (GAM), which provides a comprehensive and integrative social–cognitive framework for understanding aggression and violence. After providing a brief description of the basic components of GAM, we discuss how it can be used to better understand 4 topics related to phenomena that occur primarily outside the laboratory and apply to a broad range o...

Individuals differ in their ability to deal with unpredictable environments. Could impaired performances on learning an unpredictable cue-criteria relationship in a laboratory task be associated with impaired learning of complex skills in a natural setting? We focused on a multiple-cue probability learning (MCPL) laboratory task and on the natural setting of pilot training. We used data from th...

Laboratory experiments are used to address a wide variety of questions within economics, including whether behavior is consistent with the predictions and assumptions of theory and how various mechanisms and institutions affect the behavior of economic agents (see Roth 1987 for an overview). The experimental laboratory has become an integral part of the field of economics and a productive dialo...

This paper provides non-experimental field evidence on positive and negative worker reciprocity. We analyze the performance reactions of professional workers to fair and unfair wage allocations in their natural environment. The objects of interest are professional soccer players in the German Bundesliga. This environment enables us to circumvent the main problems of observational studies on rec...

Background: The health locus of control (HLC) can indirectly determine the health status. The current study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of Form C of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC-C) scale in pregnant women.Methods: 554 pregnant women participated in this cross-sectional study conducted in 2017; they referred to community health centers affiliated with Mashh...

Mobile eye tracking has become a fruitful method for spatial research. Body movement and orientation as well as the complexity of real-­‐world surround-­‐ ings have a strong influence on the processing of environmental information that can be captured by mobile eye...

Identifying the value orientations of subjects participating in market or non-market decisions by having them participate in a ring game may be helpful in understanding the behaviour of these subjects. This experiment presents the results of changes in the centre and the radius of a value orientations ring in an attempt to discover if the measured value orientations exhibit income or displaceme...