Air shower simulation programs are important tools for estimating distributions of particles of different kinds, and that can be measured experimentally. The region of interest spans many orders of magnitude in primary energy, from atmospheric fluxes measured in balloon–borne experiments up to the highest energy cosmic rays detected at the Auger Observatory, for example. The comparison of obser...

Measurements of cosmic ray particles at energies above E >∼ 5 · 10 14 eV are performed by large area ground based air shower experiments. Only they provide the collection power required for obtaining sufficient statistics at the low flux levels involved. In this review we briefly outline the physics and astrophysics interests of such measurements and discuss in more detail various experimental ...

The model dependence of the development of extensive air showers generated by high-energy cosmic-ray particles in the atmosphere is studied. The increase of proton–proton and proton–air inelastic cross sections and values for the elasticity are varied in the hadronic interaction model QGSJET. Using the CORSIKA simulation program, the impact of these changes is investigated on air shower observa...

Motivated by the ANITA report of pulses compatible with upward-going extensive air showers, we present a recent search for such showers using Pierre Auger Observatory. The dataset, registered fluorescence detector Observatory, is scanned to identify ascending from ground. Consistent exit angles reported first and third flights, focus on shower geometries that are incompatible Standard Model int...

Primary cosmic ray particles above energies of about 100 TeV are investigated by large-area ground based detector installations, observing various components of the development of extensive air-showers (EAS). By such an indirect access to the primary cosmic ray spectrum a steepening of the power-law falls off at around 3-5 PeV, known as the knee has been identified. Different experimental techn...

Radio-detection is becoming an established technique for the detection of air showers induced by cosmic particles. This in particular true at highest energies, where very large areas are required. A proper description shape radio wavefront emitted may allow to reconstruct properties its parent particle. In this article, we show that with zenith angles larger than 60{\deg} --those targeted giant...