Clear-air turbulence (CAT) is hazardous to aircraft and projected intensify in response future climate change. However, our understanding of past CAT trends currently limited, being derived largely from outdated reanalysis data. Here we analyze globally during 1979–2020 a modern data set using 21 diagnostics. We find clear evidence large increases around the midlatitudes at cruising altitudes. ...

Background: In the last two decades, world experienced overlapping global shocks – that is, 2008–2009 financial crisis and COVID-19 lockdowns with severe social economic consequences on African economies have, once again, brought to fore intricate role globalisation plays in growth because of grave risks often accompany it.Aim: We consider three research questions about globalisation: (i) does ...