Analyses of human airway architecture based on calculations of airflow resistance or energy dissipation suggest that the branching pattern is not optimized for minimizing energy loss by flow dissipation during respiration. Airway flow dissipates only a few percent of the total body work during normal breathing, so branching patterns deviate from minimum energy loss to also optimize other physio...

The role played by both lung stretch and lung deflation components of the pulmonary vagus has been studied, in order to throw further light on the changes in lung mechanics which underlie the lung deflation receptor activity and hence the activation of respiration during an asthma attack. The discharge pattern of the lung stretch receptors varies from unit to unit, but also in one and the same ...

The virus of poliomyelitis introduced into the blood may pass indirectly by way of the cerebrospinal fluid to the interstices of the central nervous organs. To reach the cerebrospinal fluid the virus must first penetrate the barrier of the choroid plexus, which operation requires time. By the inoculation test, no virus was detected in the fluid at the expiration of 48 hours, only small amounts ...

Human physiology changes are often amplified in disease states and may be altered when a patient is mechanically ventilated. Normally, systolic blood pressure is slightly lower during inspiration than expiration due to the change in intrathoracic pressure. Pulsus paradoxus is a phenomenon in which the difference in systolic blood pressure (BP) between inspiration and expiration is more than 10 ...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine whether forced expiration is correlated with abdominal muscle thickness. [Subjects] Twenty-three healthy male volunteers participated in this study. [Methods] The peak expiratory flow (PEF) was obtained using a peak flow meter with subjects in the sitting position. The thicknesses of the right rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal obli...

When studying a time series of implied Risk Neutral Densities (RNDs) or other implied statistics, one is faced with the problem of maturity dependence, given that option contracts have a fixed expiry date. Therefore, estimates from consecutive days are not directly comparable. Further, we can only obtain implied RNDs for a limited set of expiration dates. In this paper we introduce two new meth...