In 2013, Baseri et al. proposed an untraceable off-line electronic cash scheme from the RSA cryptosystem. They used a method that injects the expiration date and the spenders identity onto the coin to prevent double spending. The authors claimed that the scheme provides the properties of anonymity, unforgeability, double spending detection, and date attachability. Unfortunately, we find that th...

Potency tests are designed to determine how much of an active drug is in a sample. Stability tests are used to determine an expiration date of a product or a beyond-use date of a preparation. Being able to employ the proper method to determine potency or stability is the key to understanding the difference between potency testing versus stability testing. In order to determine potency, a method...

Breathing in mammals is hypothesized to result from the interaction of two distinct oscillators: the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) driving inspiration and the lateral parafacial region (pFL) driving active expiration. To understand the interactions between these oscillators, we independently altered their excitability in spontaneously breathing vagotomized urethane-anesthetized adult rats. Hyp...

Editor—Incomplete expiration is common in smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This can increase FRC and auto-PEEP. The increased intrathoracic pressure may compromise venous return or, if great, could cause a pneumothorax. We report a simple new method for detecting this, which appears quick and reliable, and can quantify the increase in lung volume. During m...

We present a technique for automatic expiration of data in a historical data warehouse that preserves answers to a known and fixed set of first-order queries. In addition, we show that for queries with output size bounded by a function of the active data domain size (the number of values that have ever appeared in the warehouse), the size of the portion of the data warehouse history needed to a...

Tracheal ultrasonography was performed to measure the width of the tracheal ring shadow and to assess the clinical relevance of these measurements for identifying tracheal collapse. The first tracheal ring width (FTRW) and thoracic inlet tracheal ring width (TITRW) were measured on both expiration and inspiration. The mean of the FTRW width (129 dogs) was greater in expiration (10.97 plusmn; 1....

In this study, the evaluation of factors affecting consumers’ perception and habits for poultry meat consumption; breeding processes were investigated. For these purposes, consumer breeder surveys conducted with attendance 655 consumers 323 producers from Turkey. Consumer survey focuses on purchasing habits, consumption preferences, effects news false-facts about poultry's washing, thawing, fee...

When total parking supply in an urban downtown area is insufficient, morning commuters would choose their departure times not only to trade off bottleneck congestion and schedule delays, but also to secure a parking space. Recent studies found that an appropriate combination of reserved and unreserved parking spaces can spread the departures of those morning commuters and hence reduce their tot...

[Purpose] The purpose of this investigation was to compare the activities of the abdominal muscles and peak expiratory flow between forced vital capacity and fast expiration exercise. [Subjects and Methods] Fifteen healthy male participated in this study. Peak expiratory flow and electromyographic activities of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique/transversus abdominis m...