The paper derives many existing risk measures and premium principles by minimizing a Markov bound for the tail probability. Our approach involves two exogenous functions v(S) and (S,p) and another exogenous parameter ≤ 1. Minimizing a general Markov bound leads to the following unifying equation: , . z S v S E E p = ^ ] h g 8 6 B @ For any random variable, the risk measure p is the solution to ...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease found in about one third of the world population. There is some controversy on the role of exogenous reinfection; with some epidemiologists supporting it while others consider it irrelevant. However, even at a minimal level, the presence of exogenous reinfection is capable of generating hysteresis and supporting multiple endemic states when the basic reproduction ...

Many corporate events are self-selected, but the relative impact of internal (firm-specific) and external (environmental) influences on discretionary corporate decisions remains largely unknown. In this paper, focusing on corporate debt issuance, we apply the contemporary push-pull theory to establish whether bond issuance are pushed by the firms due to internal considerations, or pulled by the...

The exogenous approach to enriching any given base logic for probabilistic and quantum reasoning is brought into the realm of institutions. The theory of institutions helps in capturing the precise relationships between the logics that are obtained, and, furthermore, helps in analyzing some of the key design decisions and opens the way to make the approach more useful and, at the same time, mor...

We brie‡y review two basic models of settlement bargaining based on concepts from information economics and game theory. We then discuss how these models have been generalized to address issues that arise when there are more than two litigants with related cases. Linkages between cases can arise due to exogenous factors such as correlated culpability or damages, or they can be generated by disc...

A recursive max-linear vector models causal dependence between its components by expressing each node variable as a function of parental nodes in directed acyclic graph and some exogenous innovation. Motivated extreme value theory, innovations are assumed to have regularly varying distribution tails. We propose scaling technique order determine the variables. All parameters then estimated from ...

this paper explains a model for analyzing and measuring the propagation of order amplifications (i.e. bullwhip effect) for a single-product supply network topology considering exogenous uncertainty and linear and time-invariant inventory management policies for network entities. the stream of orders placed by each entity of the network is characterized assuming customer demand is ergodic. in fa...

Abstract The present stock‐flow consistent model aims at capturing the second causal link of endogenous monetary theory, from deposits to reserves, by including intrasectoral flows within banking sector and debt maturity structure decisions. For this purpose, banks can choose demanded duration interbank loans, either overnight or term, according a measure for mismatch which captures funding liq...

Case report A 60-year-old non-insulin dependent diabetic man gave a history of uneventful left eye extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the middle of December 1992. Four months earlier, he had undergone IOL surgery in the right eye. He had recovered well, when he accidentally injured his left eye with a branch of a tree 6 weeks after surgery. He reported ...

Most of the work on quantum logic (since the seminal paper [4]) has continued to adopt the lattice of closed subspaces of a Hilbert space as the basis for its semantics [11, 8]. Here we take a quite different approach, what we call the exogenous approach. The key idea is to keep the models of the classical logic (say propositional logic) as they are, to produce models for the envisaged quantum ...