The effectiveness of two aerosol delivery systems, nose-only and whole-body, were compared using Swiss-Webster mice and two pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus. With K. pneumoniae the median lethal dose (LD50) and the mean time to death correlated with the inhaled dose. An LD50 value of 335 colony forming units (cfu) for nose-only exposure was signifi...

A concept fundamental to viral pathogenesis is that infection induces specific changes within the host cell, within specific tissues, or within the entire animal. These changes are reflected in a cascade of altered transcription patterns evident during infection. However, elucidation of this cascade in vivo has been limited by a general inability to distinguish changes occurring in the minority...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was purified and concentrated by chromatography of tissue culture supernatant fluids on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns. Stepwise gradient elution studies indicated a broad elution pattern for the virus, with recovery occurring from 0.05 to 0.7 m NaCl. Optical density, infectivity, hemagglutination (HA), and complement fixation (CF) assays indicate...

We have recently isolated a transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infectious construct designated TGEV 1000 (B. Yount, K. M. Curtis, and R. S. Baric, J. Virol. 74:10600-10611, 2000). Using this construct, a recombinant TGEV was constructed that replaced open reading frame (ORF) 3A with a heterologous gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Following transfection of baby hamster kidn...

Triangulated derived categories are considered which establish a commutative scheme (triangle) for determine or compute hypercohomology of motives the obtaining solutions field equations. The determination this arises category $\textup{DM}_{\textup {gm}}(k)$,  is motivic objects whose image under $\textup {Spec}(k)$  that to say, an equivalence underlying triangulated tensor c...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a re-emerging, mosquito-borne viral disease with the potential to cause fatal encephalitis in both humans and equids. Recently, detection of endemic VEE caused by enzootic strains has escalated in Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador, emphasizing the importance of understanding the enzootic transmission cycle of the etiologic agent, VEE virus (VEEV...

In contrast to Eastern equine encephalitis virus, the replication of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was strongly inhibited at 44 C in chick embryo cells. The inhibited steps were analyzed by shifting the incubating temperatures up or down, and by determining during the shifts the rate and extent of infectious ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, intact virus synthesis, and formation of...

A semi-quantitative, gradient plate, plaque-neutralization technique was developed for studying immunological overlap and identification of Group A arboviruses. Two principles of the technique are: (i) a concentration gradient of antibody is provided that continues into a control area without antibody, and (ii) neutralization is measured by inhibition of plaque formation in agar-cell suspension...

This article concerns the existence of multiple non-radial positive solutions L<sup>2</sup>-constrained problem $$\displaylines{-\Delta{u}-Q(\varepsilon x)|u|^{p-2}u=\lambda{u},\quad \text{in }\mathbb{R}^N, \\ \int_{\mathbb{R}^N}|u|^2dx=1,}$$ where \(Q(x)\) is a radially symmetric function, ε>0 small parameter, \(N\geq 2\), and \(p \in (2, 2+4/N)\) assumed to be m...

Recently it was shown that the scaling dimension of operator $\phi^n$ in $\lambda(\bar\phi\phi)^2$ theory may be computed semiclassically at Wilson-Fisher fixed point $d=4-\epsilon$, for generic values $\lambda n$, and this verified to two loop order perturbation leading subleading $n$. This result subsequently generalised operators charge $Q$ $O(N)$ up four loops $Q$. More recently, similar se...