Many governments around the world seem to have openly accepted the functional economic theory of entrepreneurship as a pathway toward economic development (Hannon 2006; Minniti and Lévesque 2008, p. 605). This response by governments is consistent with the argument that a shift in the economic base toward knowledge requires a context and environment supportive of entrepreneurship (Audretsch & T...

as rising unemployment levels continually erode job opportunities in southern punjab, it is essay to assume that entrepreneurship would be concluded as the next-best career option; however, university graduates show very low interest level in becoming entrepreneurs. having observed this disinterest, southern punjab economic policies have put in place initiatives encouraging youth entrepreneursh...

BACKGROUND The objective was to determine the cost-effectiveness of treating anemic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to a low (9-10.9 g/dL), intermediate (11-12 g/dL), or high (> 12 g/dL) hemoglobin level target compared with a strategy of managing anemia without ESAs. STUDY DESIGN Cost-utility analysis. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Publicly...

BACKGROUND Patient-based symptom scores are the standard method for assessment in palliative care. There has been limited research on the frequency of errors upon using this approach. The Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) is a reliable and valid assessment tool routinely used for symptom intensity assessment in our cancer center. OBJECTIVE To determine if patients were scoring the symp...

PURPOSE To update American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology recommendations for use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with cancer. METHODS An Update Committee reviewed data published between January 2007 and January 2010. MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched. RESULTS The literature search yielded one new individual patient data anal...

Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Rob Reich for his unconditional support as my advisor for the past year and a half. His insightful thoughts and constructive criticism have challenged me to develop my arguments more fully and with his recent and well-deserved tenure, I'm sure that he will continue to have a positive and meaningful influence in many students' lives as he...

BACKGROUND For ambulatory cancer patients, Ontario has standardized symptom and performance status assessment population-wide, using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and Palliative Performance Scale (PPS). In a broad cross-section of cancer outpatients, the authors describe the ESAS and PPS scores and their relation to patient characteristics. METHODS This is a descriptive study ...

BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is an important outcome in the treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and appears to be highly associated with patient self-report of symptom burden. This study examines the longitudinal validity of the modified Edmonton symptom assessment system (ESAS) to determine the impact of change in symptom burden on the change in HRQL of haemodialysi...

PURPOSE To update American Society of Hematology/American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations for use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with cancer. METHODS An Update Committee reviewed data published between January 2007 and January 2010. MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched. RESULTS The literature search yielded one new individual patient data anal...

In endothelial cells, erythropoietin receptors (EPORs) mediate the protective, proliferative and angiogenic effects of EPO and its analogues, which act as EPOR agonists. Because hormonal receptors undergo functional changes upon chronic exposure to agonists and because erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are used for the long-term treatment of anemia, it is critical to determine the mechan...