bacteria make up about half of the living organisms inside of the rumen. however, they do more than half of the work in the rumen. the bacteria work together. some breakdown certain carbohydrates and proteins which are then used by others. some require certain growth factors, such as b-vitamins, which are made by others. some bacteria help to clean up the rumen of others’ end products, such as ...

foods contaminations with mycotoxin producing fungi is the common problem in production and maintenance of foods leads to production and presence of many types of mycotoxins with extensive clinical effect on human called mycotoxicosis. the aim of this study is to determine humidity percent and fungal contaminations of flour which is used in bakeries of tabriz city. from 89 bakeries that were ba...

background: soil is well known to support the transient or ongoing existence of keratinophilic fungi and potential source of infection for human and animals. methods : samples were collected from 67 sites of university campus like pg study centers, playgrounds, gardens, hostels, administrative blocks, library, bank, canteen and road side for the estimation of keratinophilic fungi using the hair...

background otomycosis is a superficial fungal infection often involves the pinna and external auditory canal. it is a pathologic condition, with candida and aspergillus, the most common fungal species. it is common worldwide but more prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries results otomycosis was diagnosed in 129 cases (92%, 76 male, 53 female) with the highest prevalence of cases occurr...

backgrounds soil is the first habitat for pathogenic fungi and one of the important fungal reservoirs. the soil-borne fungi are major cause for different degrees of allergy or serious diseases in human beings. objectives this current study aimed to determine the identities and diversity of the fungi associated with allergy, subcutaneous and even systemic fungal infections in an extensive region...

1. In the conventional view of soil carbon (C) cycling, mycorrhizal fungi are primarily considered vectors for plant C input to soils. However, there is accumulating evidence that mycorrhizal fungi may also contribute to the direct loss of soil C by acting as decomposers, that is by producing extracellular lytic enzymes and metabolizing soil C. 2. Most of the evidence that mycorrhizal fungi can...

Self-produced mutagens in culture by fungi may affect DNA analysis of the same fungi. This has not been considered previously. Many fungi produce numerous mutagenic secondary metabolites (SM) in culture. There is a paradox of growing fungi in media to produce representative DNA which also support mutagenic SM. This is a crucial issue in developing diagnostic and phylogenetic methods, especially...

Mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis between plants and fungi localized in roots or root like structures in which energy moves primarily from plants to fungi and inorganic resources move from fungi to plants. Mycorrhizal fungi may play important roles in nature. Findings of many researches are helpful in understanding the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the structure and functioning of ecosystems...

Fungi in soil play pivotal roles in nutrient cycling, pest controls, and plant community succession in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the ecosystem functions provided by soil fungi, our knowledge of the assembly processes of belowground fungi has been limited. In particular, we still have limited knowledge of how diverse functional groups of fungi interact with each other in facilitative and c...

This paper reviews the potential of marine fungi in biotechnology. The unique physico-chemical properties of the marine environment are likely to have conferred marine fungi with special physiological adaptations that could be exploited in biotechnology. The emphasis of this review is on marine fungi from a few unique ecological habitats and their potential in biotechnological applications. The...