The value of an item in an environmental system can be determined from two independent perspectives: (1) the perspective of the donor which determines what was required to produce the item and (2) the perspective of the receiver which determines what the person that receives the item is willing to pay for it. These two perspectives give complementary views of the process of valuation, one from ...

For |Ψ an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian operatorˆH = ˆ T + ˆ V , wherê T is the kinetic energy operator andˆV the potential energy operator , the following relations between expectation values are satisfied:

Bamboo has been identified as a promising solution to the energy crisis and climate change source of biomass energy. Due its rapid growth high-value products, bamboo is considered potential contains significant amount cellulose hemicellulose, which can be converted sugar constituents, making it an ideal raw material for production. This article reviews different processes producing bioethanol, ...

Disordered quantum systems feature an energy scale known as the Thouless energy. For ranges below this scale, properties of spectrum can be described by random matrix theory. Above a different behavior sets in. metallic system it was shown long ago Altshuler and Shklovskii [Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 127 (1986)] that number variance should increase power law with dependent on only dimensionality syste...

We show that leptophobic Z ′ gauge bosons occur naturally in flipped SU(5) and may shiftRb in an interesting way without upsetting the good values of Γhad and Rc. Within a string-derived version of the model, we study three possible scenarios and the constraints imposed on model building that would allow the new symmetry to remain unbroken down to low energies. Such Z ′ gauge boson has generati...

We derive a class of generalized statistics, unifying the Bose and Fermi ones, that describe any system where the first-occupation energies or probabilities are different from subsequent ones, as in the presence of thresholds, saturation, or aging. The statistics completely describe the structural correlations of weighted networks, which turn out to be stronger than expected and to determine si...

We discuss dynamical simulations and free energy calculations on patchy spheres with chiral pair interactions that spontaneously assemble into filamentous bundles. The chirality frustrates long-range crystal order by introducing twist between interacting subunits. For some ranges of system parameters this constraint leads to bundles with a finite diameter, and in other cases frustration is reli...

We describe some unsolved problems of current interest; these involve quantum critical points in ferroelectrics and problems which are not amenable to the usual density functional theory, nor to classical Landau free energy approaches (they are kinetically limited), nor even to the Landau-Kittel relationship for domain size (they do not satisfy the assumption of infinite lateral diameter) becau...