From satellite observations the solar total irradiance is known to vary. Sunspot blocking, facular emission, and network emission are three identified causes for the variations. In this paper we examine several different solar indices measured over the past century that are potential proxy measures for the Sun's irradiance. These indices are (1) the equatorial solar rotation rate, (2) the sunsp...

This paper presents the energy analysis of periodic gaits for multi-legged locomotion systems. The main purpose is to determine the system performance during walking and the best set of locomotion variables that minimizes a cost function related to energy. For that objective, the prescribed motion of the robot is completely characterized in terms of several locomotion variables such as gait, du...

for determination of grazing capacity, information of forage quality is essential which is influenced by various factors. the main objective of this research was investigation on effects of species, phenological stages, and life form on values of forage quality indices of six range species. species were two grasses (bromus tomentellus and dactylis glomerata), two forbs (ferula ovina and coronil...

The energy of a graph G is equal to the sum of absolute values of the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of G, whereas the Laplacian energy of a graph G is equal to the sum of the absolute value of the difference between the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of G and average degree of the vertices of G. Motivated by the work from Sharafdini et al. [R. Sharafdini, H. Panahbar, Vertex weighted...

The energy spectrum of cosmic rays with primary energies between 10 14 eV and 10 16 eV has been studied with the CASA-MIA air shower array. The measured diierential energy spectrum is a power law (dj=dE / E ?) with spectral indices of 2:66 0:02 below approximately 10 15 eV and 3:00 0:05 above. A new method is used for measuring primary energy derived from ground based data in a compositionally ...

Topographical wave exposure indices allow objective assessment of the degree of wave action at coastal sites. We present a grid-based method for rapidly calculating indices at fine spatial resolutions along whole coastlines, and evaluate the power of candidate indices in predicting composition of rocky shore communities. The method has 3 stages: (1) a grid is created from a vector-based digital...

Predictive power, for total and vascular mortality, of selected indices measured at baseline in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (community-living subset) of People Aged 65 Years and Over was tested. Mortality status and its primary and underlying causes were recorded for 1100 (mean age 76.7 (sd 7.5) years, 50.2% females) respondents from the baseline survey in 1994-5 until Septem...

AIM To establish effective dietary self-management behavior for type II male and female diabetics, by focusing on how dietary intake and dietary self-management affect control indices of type II diabetics. METHODS The study group comprised 170 type II diabetics, 93 men (mean age, 63.1+/-8.8 years old) and 77 women (mean age 63.4 +/- 10.2 years old). The final analyses of data collected from s...