The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle where secretory and membrane proteins are synthesized and folded. Unfolded proteins that are retained within the ER can cause ER stress. Eukaryotic cells have a defense system called the "unfolded protein response" (UPR), which protects cells from ER stress. Cells undergo apoptosis when ER stress exceeds the capacity of the UPR, which has been rev...

In the last decade, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment modality in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Stem cells are primitive undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into to virtually any tissue or organ [1]. They demonstrate infinite regenerative capacity additionally to the ability relocate and differentiate where needed. There are three cate...

Orthodontic tooth movement results from the response of the periodontal tissue to orthodontic forces, which leads to modeling and remodeling of the surrounding alveolar bone. The endocrine system is responsible for hormonal secretion, being closely related to the central nervous sys‐ tem, as it diversifies its functions through the hypothala‐ mus and pituitary glands. It controls physiological ...

of conglutinin and immunoconglutinins are provided by the late D. G. Ingram. Characterization of these serum factors (conglutinins of normal bovine serum and immunoconglutinin antibodies produced in many mammal ian species following antigen stimulation) that interact with adsorbed complement components, their role in immune reactions and their use as serological tools are competently dealt with...

Obesity is a disease in which the excess of accumulated body fat has an adverse effect on health and consequently leads to a reduced life expectancy. It is a typical 'disease of civilisation', and is a serious public health problem because of a significant increase in its prevalance. It is also a common symptom in a variety of endocrine disorders, but the factors responsible for the development...

HE PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT REVIEW of the literature is an examination of the contemporary data on the clinical diagnostic value of the determination of the 17-ketosteroid content in the urine in various disorders of the endocrine glands. The basis of the chemical structure of the 17-ketosteroids is the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring. The 17-ketosteroids can be looked upon as derivatives o...

The editors of BMC Endocrine Disorders would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in

OBJECTIVE A significant correlation between thyroid function and purine nucleotide metabolism has been established in hypothyroidism. On the contrary, the relationship between hyperthyroidism and purine metabolism is more controversial. The present study evaluates the prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout in patients affected by primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. METHODS We studied 28...

G Proteins couple receptors for diverse extracellular signals to effecters such as enzymes and ion channels. The majority of polypeptide hormones, all monoamine neurotransmitters, PGs, and even extracellular Ca’+ signal their target cells through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). In the past few years, mutations in G proteins and GPCR have been identified as the causes of several endocrine di...

The hemostatic balance is a complex system where the delicate equilibrium is regulated by several factors, including hormones. This review summarizes current knowledge of the effects of most frequent endocrine and metabolic diseases (such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, GH-related pituitary dysfunctions, pituitary prolactin-producing adenomas, polycystic ovary syndrome, ...