BACKGROUND To shorten emergence time after a procedure using volatile anesthesia, 78% of anesthesiologists recently surveyed used hyperventilation to rapidly clear the anesthetic from the lungs. Hyperventilation has not been universally adapted into clinical practice because it also decreases the Paco2, which decreases cerebral bloodflow and depresses respiratory drive. Adding deadspace to the ...

We discuss the hints for the disappearance of continuum space and time at microscopic scale. These include arguments for a discrete nature of them or for a fundamental non-locality, in a quantum theory of gravity. We discuss how these ideas are realized in specific quantum gravity approaches. Turning then the problem around, we consider the emergence of continuum space and time from the collect...

In this work the possible role that Decoherence Model could play in the emergence of the classical concept of time is analyzed. We take the case of a Mixmaster universe with small anisotropy and construct its Halliwell propaga-tor. Afterwards we introduce in our system terms that comprise the effects of Decoherence Model. This is done by means of the so called Restricted Path Integral Formalism...

Article history: Received 26 May 2015 Accepted 27 July 2015 Available online 31 July 2015 Editor: L. Alvarez-Gaumé We study string field theory (third quantization) of the two-dimensional model of quantum geometry called generalized CDT (“causal dynamical triangulations”). Like in standard non-critical string theory the so-called string field Hamiltonian of generalized CDT can be associated wit...

The American Naturalist originally promised its readers that through “our monthly calendar of the periodic returns of animals, farmers and gardeners will be warned of the attacks of insects injurious to crops” (Introductory Comments 1867, p. 3). In spite of this promise, however, periodic returns of life cycle events, that is, phenology, did not appear in the journal’s pages until the 1970s (Le...

This note is part of the recent revival of interest in game-theoretic probability (see, e.g., [7, 8, 4, 2, 3]). It concentrates on the study of the“ √ dt effect”, the fact that a typical change in the value of a non-degenerate diffusion process over short time period dt has order of magnitude √ dt. Within the “standard” (not using non-standard analysis) framework of game-theoretic probability, ...

This study monitored the endogenous emergence time of the fiddler crab Uca lactea annulipes (Milne-Edwards, 1837) in the field, for the first time, at an intertidal shore in Kuwait, from 1997 to 2001. The results revealed a significant cyclic change in the median emergence time as the season progressed from winter, through spring and summer, to autumn (.44, 1.29, 3.12, and 1.1 h prior to the de...

A new definition of events of game-theoretic probability zero in continuous time is proposed and used to prove results suggesting that trading in financial markets results in the emergence of properties usually associated with randomness. This paper concentrates on “qualitative” results, stated in terms of order (or order topology) rather than in terms of the precise values taken by a price pro...