نتایج جستجو برای: electronic money that defined as stored
تعداد نتایج: 8514555 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
What makes e-money special relative to cash? How does the introduction of electronic money improve the functioning of a payment system, in which cash is used as an incumbent payment instrument? This paper adopts a mechanism design approach to identify the essential features of e-money that improve the effi ciency of the economy. We build a micro-founded general equilibrium model to compare the ...
As public concern mounts over exposures to ionizing radiation stemming from environmental releases of radionuclides following nuclear accidents, there is a growing need to develop reliable techniques that reconstruct exposures and doses to individuals. Especially in situations where conventional dosimeters were not in place at the time of facing to radiation exposure. In order to provide guidan...
Woodford (1997, 1998) employs an inter-temporal general equilibrium model to examine the properties of the monetary system as it evolves form the use of a physical medium of exchange to an electronic medium. He presents a structure in which cash (money) as a means of payment can be made to vanish at the limit but where he claims the price level remains determinate. It is shown that Woodford's a...
with the increasing population and the need for more food, as well as with the development of science and technology, human approach to unnatural and often chemical inputs to increase agricultural production has been a great expansion and problems such as increased cancers, chronic diseases has created environmental pollution. implementation of organic organic is a solution to these problems . ...
from historical facts to geo-political realities: relation between turkey and armenia ( 1915 – 2010)
armenias geopolitics and its historical experience have had a determining impact on the character of its foreign policy .present-day armenia is a small, landlocked country with _11,620 square miles area armenias landlocked nature makes it dependent on the benevolence of its neighbors for access to the outside world a fact that gives it a sense of isolation and vulnerability. as it was indic...
چکیده ندارد.
the urgent need of neuraminidase inhibitors (ni) has provided an impetus for understanding the structure requisite at molecular level. our search for selective inhibitors of neuraminidase has led to the identification of pharmacophoric requirements at various positions around acyl thiourea pharmacophore. the main objective of present study is to develop selective ni, with least toxicity and dru...
utopia has, for four centuries, accompanied that hope of progress and that striving for betterment. it now straggles against a widespread sense that this has been an illusion, or an impossible dream. the utopian idea can never entirely disappear, but utopia as a form of the social imagination has clearly weakened. if it cannot instill its vision in the public consciousness, the consequences...
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