This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical uses of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for functional and therapeutic applications in subjects with spinal cord injury or stroke. Functional applications refer to the use of NMES to activate paralyzed muscles in precise sequence and magnitude to directly accomplish functional tasks. In therapeutic applications, NMES may ...

Children and adults with cerebral palsy may have one or more of a variety of movement disorders and primary involvement of both lower limbs, one side of the body or all of the body including the muscles of speech and respiration. Because of the diversity of motor control in cerebral palsy [CP], general scales of functional ability have been developed to improve communication among medical careg...

After Paul Broca localized the area responsible for producing speech in posterior region of left frontal lobe, John Hurling Jackson provided evidence showing presence different mental functions right and cerebral hemispheres. His theory was confirmed by discovery sensory language Carl Wernicke. Eduard Hitzig Gustav Fritsch identified motor cortex electrical stimulation. David Ferrier also used ...