Poor women with children in Ecuador were selected at random for a cash transfer equivalent to 7 percent of monthly expenditures. The transfer is greater than the increase in schooling costs at the end of primary school, but it is less than 20 percent of median child labor earnings in the labor market. Poor families with children in school at the time of the award use the extra income to postpon...

We introduce the effectual topological complexity (ETC) of a [Formula: see text]-space text]. This is text]-equivariant homotopy invariant sitting in between effective pair text] and (regular) orbit space study ETC for spheres surfaces with antipodal involution, obtaining full computation case torus. allows us to prove vanishing twice nontrivial obstruction responsible fact that Klein bottle In...

Grandparents are regular providers of free child care. Similar to other forms of child care, availability of grandparent-provided child care affects fertility and labor force participation of women positively. However, grandparent-provided child care requires residing close to parents or in-laws which may imply costly spatial restrictions. We find that mothers residing close to parents or in-la...

The Effect of Child Care and Part Time Opportunities on Participation and Fertility Decisions in Italy Economic models of household behavior typically yield the prediction that increases in schooling levels and wage rates of married women lead to increases in their labor supply and reductions in fertility. In Italy, as well as in other Southern European countries, low labor market participation...

The Effect of Child Care and Part Time Opportunities on Participation and Fertility Decisions in Italy Economic models of household behavior typically yield the prediction that increases in schooling levels and wage rates of married women lead to increases in their labor supply and reductions in fertility. In Italy, as well as in other Southern European countries, low labor market participation...

Household Choices of Child Labor and Schooling: A Simple Model with Application to Brazil This paper develops and estimates a simple structural model of household decisions regarding child labor and schooling. We argue that part of the conflicting results from the previous literature – related to the effect of improvements in economic conditions on child labor – derives from the different incom...

Executive Summary Alternative income generating activities (IGA) for vulnerable families have the potential to increase or decrease child labor. Rising family incomes may make families less dependent on the child's economic contribution or better able to afford schooling expenses. Rising income may help families avoid sending a child away or the circumstances that lead to child migration or chi...

This paper exploits a unique longitudinal data set from Tanzania to examine the consequences of child labor on education, employment choices, and marital status over a 10-year horizon. We use crop and rainfall shocks as instrumental variables for child labor. For boys, we find that a one standard deviation (5.7 hour) increase in child labor leads 10 years later to a loss of approximately one ye...

This study assessed lesbian couples' division of labor, their satisfaction with division of labor and with their relationships, and their children's psychosocial adjustment. The 26 participating families were headed by lesbian couples, each of whom had at least 1 child between 4 and 9 years of age. Parents' relationship satisfaction was generally high but was unrelated to measures of parental d...