Today we witness the rise of a new type economy i.e. digital economy, whose foundation is formed by ecosystems. The article deals with idea ecosystems, specific features their founding and developing. author describes pre-conditions emergence, which include development technology, customer’s desire to meet his/her needs in full minimum efforts, necessity eliminate geographic barriers ambition b...

The notion of software ecosystems has been popular both in research and industry for more than a decade, but how software ecosystems are created still remains unclear. This becomes more of a challenge if one examines the “creation” of ecosystems that have high probability in surviving in the future, i.e. with respect to ecosystem health. In this paper, we focus on the creation of software ecosy...

We assessed the total nitrogen (N) concentrations of 28 still surface water (lake and pond), and 42 flowing surface water (river), monitoring sites under 29 typical terrestrial ecosystems of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) using monitoring data collected between 2004 and 2009. The results showed that the median total N concentrations of still surface water were significantly highe...

There is little published information on "nearnatural" ecosystems and their restoration. Ecosystem restoration involves the setting of a date to indicate a restoration point (e.g., 1778 for the National Park Service in Hawaii) and presupposes some knowledge of ecosystem status at the target date and time. In Hawaii, knowledge of past conditions is usually precluded by the rapidity and magnitude...

the analysis of changes in polygon distributions. J Geograph Syst 3:137–154 107. Peters DPC, Bestelmeyer BT, Turner MG (2007) Cross-scale interactions and changing pattern-process relationships: consequences for system dynamics. Ecosystems 10:790–796 108. Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman J (2009) The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction, 2nd edn. Springer, Ne...

Outside the cognitive psychologist’s laboratory, problem solving is an activity that takes place in a rich web of interactions involving people and artifacts. Through this interactivity, a reasoner’s comprehension of the problem emerges from a coalition of internal and external resources. In the experiment presented here, interactivity was explored under laboratory conditions. Participants were...

Nutrients are elements or compounds that are essential for the growth and survival of plants. Plants require large amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), but only small amounts of others such as boron (B), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and chlorine (Cl) (micronutrients)...

We have designed and implemented a comprehensive study of a major, land-estuarine system in the Acadian biogeographic province in eastern New England (Fig 1). Our goal is to develop a predictive understanding of the long-term response of watershed and estuarine ecosystems at the land-sea interface to changes in climate, land use and sea level and to apply this knowledge to the wise management a...

It is now standard in economics to model natural resources as a special form of capital that can be depleted or accumulated. The following review shows how such an approach can be extended to ecosystems, implying that they are a form of natural asset that produces a flow of beneficial goods and services over time. The review includes a discussion of valuing ecosystem services, focusing on the p...